網路城邦
回本城市首頁 天下縱橫談
市長:YST  副市長: 貓靈子
加入本城市推薦本城市加入我的最愛訂閱最新文章
udn城市政治社會政治時事【天下縱橫談】城市/討論區/
討論區經濟 字體:
看回應文章  上一個討論主題 回文章列表 下一個討論主題
美國的經濟:布希政府
 瀏覽2,281|回應1推薦7

YST
等級:8
留言加入好友
文章推薦人 (7)

梅峰健保免費公投
鄭嵐奇(MYKEY)
egjc888
愛台也愛中
B
齋貓
Xuser

這篇文章我們將介紹艾教授(George A. Akerlof)在2003/07/29 接受德國 Der Spiegel雜誌採訪時所做的公開談話。

 

下面是 YST 根據該雜誌記者訪問的原文所做的翻譯。原文則刊登在第一篇回應文章,供讀者做參考。YST  翻譯得很匆忙,歡迎讀者指正。

 

美國諾貝爾獎得主猛烈評擊美國布希政府為美國歷史上最糟糕的政府

 

柏林消息:週刊雜誌  Der Spiegel 報導,美國諾貝爾經濟獎得主艾教授     (George A. Akerlof)猛烈評擊美國布希政府,稱布希政府是美國有史以來最糟糕的政府。

 

這位2001年諾貝爾獎得主和加州大學的經濟教授對記者說:「我認為現在的美國政府是美國兩百多年的歷史中最糟糕的政府。這個政府執行的政策極度不負責任,不但在外交政策和經濟政策上是如此,在社會政策和環保政策上也是如此。」

 

這位六十一歲的學者接著說:「這不是一個正常政府所施行的政策。現在該是(美國)人民起來從事反抗的時候。我認為抗爭的時候到了,越大越好。」

 

艾教授是一位被公認和肯定的學者,尤其是他採用了包括心理學、人類學、和其他學科來決定經濟的影響和結果,這種研究特別得到人們的推崇。

艾教授的專長包括宏觀經濟學、貨幣政策、和貧窮。

 

下面是Der Spiegel 雜誌的記者史翠茲(Matthias Streitz )的訪問全文:

 

Spiegel 雜誌:艾教授,根據官方的預測,美國聯邦赤字在今年的會計年度將達到四千五百五十億美元。從數字上看,這是美國有史以來最大的赤字。但是根據總統的會計長的說法,這個赤字仍然是可以有效管理和控制的。您同意嗎?

艾教授:從長遠看來,赤字到了這個數量級是無法有效管理和控制的。大約在2010年,我們即將進入嬰兒潮的退休時期。大量的退休人口將對醫療服務、貧苦醫療救濟、和社會安全體系帶來極大的壓力。現在正是我們應該儲蓄的時候。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:所以,不但不能有赤字,我們現在必須要有預算盈餘,是嗎?

艾教授:以目前的情形來看,預算盈餘恐怕是不可能了。在伊拉克,我們還有戰爭的花費,這場戰爭是非常不負責任的。但是現在還有經濟蕭條,必須花些錢來振興經濟,這也是相當合理的。這就是為什麼事實上短期內我們的確需要預算赤字,但是絕不是我們現在有的這種赤字。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:這是因為現在的赤字不是由於投資產生的,而主要是因為減稅。是嗎?

艾教授:短期內對窮人減稅事實上對刺激經濟是有好處的。窮人減稅的錢幾乎可以確定會花掉,只是這樣一來以後的赤字就更不容易用消費來振興了。我們的政府不過把錢丟到水裏而已。首先,我們年度振興計畫應該瞄準在目前經濟滑落的地方。但是目前的赤字會一直繼續下去,因為絕大部分的減稅是永久性的。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:其次,你不同意減稅的好處主要是給了有錢的美國人。共和黨的人辯稱這是有錢人應得的,因為他們工作非常努力。

艾教授:富裕的人不需要這份減稅的錢,而且也比較不會把這份錢花掉,大部分是增加了他們的存款而已。你們要記得,富裕的美國家庭在過去二十年來賺錢特別多,但是比較貧窮的家庭賺錢就相對少得可憐。所以這個政府的減稅政策完全走錯了方向。其中,最壞和最不可原諒的減稅就是在公司紅利上,絕大多數的受益者是非常富裕的人。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:總統宣稱在公司紅利上減稅是支援股票市場,所以就整體帶動了經濟的成長。

艾教授:這完全是不現實的。經濟成長的數學模型在這方面有標準公式,它告訴我們在公司紅利上減稅對股票市場的影響非常、非常小。事實上,國會預算辦公室也得到相似的結論。所以即使我們對總統的意見給予同情的考慮,總統宣稱的理由仍然是不成立的。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:總統在今年初推動更大的減稅運動,他保証這會增加一千四百萬份新工作。這個諾言是合理的嗎?

艾教授:減稅對增加新工作是有一些正面效應,但是就像我在前面所說的,錢並沒有花在刀口上,成效很小。除此以外,還會有很壞的長期影響。這個政府在談論預算的時候完全不實際,很多非常重要的東西都沒有考慮進去。2003年的3月,國會預算室估計在未來的十年會有一兆美元的盈餘。但是這個估計是根據很多有問題的假設計算出來的,其中最值得懷疑的假設是從今年起一直到2013年,政府開支在不計算通貨膨脹下維持常數。這個假設在政府預算的歷史上從來不是真的。在目前的減稅計劃下,一個實際的、真實的估計是,未來十年的政府赤字會超過六兆。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:所以目前的政府不像是好好做過算術?

艾教授:目前的政府並不想告訴美國人民真相。過去歷屆的政府從亞歷山大.漢彌爾頓(譯者註)開始算起,平均說來,預算政策都是相當負責任的。現在布希政府的預算政策根本是一種搶劫的型式。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:如果是這樣的話,為什麼這個總統還這麼有人氣呢?

艾教授:不知道是甚麼原因,美國人民直到現在還不能認清我們政府的預算所帶來的可怕後果。我希望選民會看到目前政府的政策是多麼的不負責任,而在2004年做出反應(譯者註:就是要求政黨輪替),那麼我們就會看到這個政策被逆轉。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:如果事情的發展不是像你所希望 的,那會怎麼樣?

艾教授:我們後代子孫,甚至在十年以後我們就會面對大量的公共赤字和巨大的政府債務。到那時候我們就有兩個選擇:我們可以變成一個非常窮的國家,面對一大堆破產的問題;或者我們將大量削減窮人的醫療照顧和社會安全服務。所以我們是削減老人和窮人的福利,把節省下來的錢付給富裕的人。將來只有最有錢的40%的家庭才有可能拿到他們退休收入夠大的一部分。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:有沒有任何可能性,由於目前赤字規模如此巨大,政府就不願意發動新的戰爭了?

艾教授:軍事開銷已經很高了,他們在發動戰爭之前一定會考慮到負債程度的。但是如果他們真的要發動一場戰爭的話,負債並不足以成為障礙。他們會先開打,然後再要錢。赤字產生的影響更有可能是這樣的:如果經濟衰退再度發生,我們將沒有能力用增加消費來維持完整的就業率。直到現在,我們對政府還有很多的信任。那就是:市場知道,如果現在有債,將來會償付。但是我們的政府已經耗掉了這個寶貴的信任資源。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:除了赤字,還有什麼會大幅刺激利率上升?

艾教授:赤字不會對短期利率有什麼大影響。現在的利率很低,聯儲會會設法保持低利率。中期利率會成為一個嚴重的問題。當然如果中期利率上升,大量的負債就會對經濟雪上加霜。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:為什麼布希家族看起來特別會把赤字擴大?聯邦政府有史以來第二大的政府赤字,兩千九百億元,發生在1991年,小布希總統的爸爸做總統的時候。

艾教授:你的想法可能是真的,但是你別忘了,小布希的爸爸做了一件很勇敢的事,那就是加稅。他不是經常如此勇敢的,那一次加稅是他對國家的最佳服務。那次加稅是第一步,它使得赤字在柯林頓政府執政的時候真正獲得了控制,但是它也是老布希總統失去連任的最大因素。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:看起來您已經被現在的政府政治化了,這是前所未有的。就在這一年裏,你和其他學術界的人聯合簽署了兩份對政府抗議的公開宣言,一份是反對減稅,另一份是反對單方面對伊拉克發動戰爭。

艾教授:我認為現在的美國政府是美國兩百多年的歷史中最糟糕的政府。這個政府執行的政策極度不負責任,不但在外交政策和經濟政策上是如此,在社會政策和環保政策上也是如此。這不是一個正常政府所施行的政策。現在該是(美國)人民起來從事反抗的時候。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:那 一種反抗?

艾教授:我還不知道是哪一種。但是我認為抗爭的時候到了,越大越好。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:您願意考慮加入民主黨的政府做一個顧問嗎?就好像您的同事史教授(Joseph Stiglitz ) 

艾教授:你是知道的,我太太服務於上屆政府,她做得非常好。她比我更適合為政府工作。但是如果新政府要我做任何事,我將會非常高興去做。

 

Spiegel 雜誌:您剛剛提到「民眾抗爭」這個名詞。這個名詞過去被一位作家,瘦李敖(Henry D. Thoreau),弄得很流行。事實上,瘦李敖建議人民用「不付稅」作為抵抗的方法。您不會這麼做吧?

艾教授:不會。我認為有一件事我們應該做,那就是「付稅」。否則的話,只會把事情弄得更糟。

 

譯者註:亞歷山大.漢彌爾頓(Alexander Hamilton ,1755-1804)是美國第一任財政部長。他主張強有力的中央政府。

 


清晨獨自慢跑的 YST

本文於 修改第 3 次
回應 回應給此人 推薦文章 列印 加入我的文摘

引用
引用網址:https://city.udn.com/forum/trackback.jsp?no=3011&aid=1339950
 回應文章
Der Spiegel 雜誌採訪報導的原文
推薦3


YST
等級:8
留言加入好友

 
文章推薦人 (3)

Rebec
愛台也愛中
B

http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0729-06.htm


Published on Tuesday, July 29, 2003 by IRNA and Der Spiegel (Berlin)

US Nobel Laureate Slams Bush Gov't as "Worst" in American History

BERLIN - American Nobel Prize laureate for Economics George A. Akerlof lashed out at the government of US President George W. Bush, calling it the "worst ever" in American history, the online site of the weekly Der Spiegel magazine reported Tuesday.
"I think this is the worst government the US has ever had in its more than 200 years of history. It has engaged in extradordinarily irresponsible policies not only in foreign policy and economics but also in social and environmental policy," said the 2001 Nobel Prize laureate who teaches economics at the University of California in Berkeley.
"This is not normal government policy. Now is the time for (American) people to engage in civil disobedience. I think it's time to protest - as much as possible," the 61-year-old scholar added.
Akerlof has been recognized for his research that borrows from sociology, psychology, anthropology and other fields to determine economic influences and outcomes.
His areas of expertise include macro-economics, monetary policy and poverty.
©2003 Islamic Republic News Agency ( IRNA)
###
Text of Der Spiegel interview by Matthias Streitz

SPIEGEL ONLINE: Professor Akerlof, according to recent official projections, the US federal deficit will reach $455 billion this fiscal year. That's the largest ever in dollar terms, but according to the President's budget director, it's still manageable. Do you agree?
George A. Akerlof: In the long term, a deficit of this magnitude is not manageable. We are moving into the period when, beginning around 2010, baby boomers are going to be retiring. That is going to put a severe strain on services like Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. This is the time when we should be saving.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: So it would be necessary to run a budget surplus instead?
Akerlof: That would probably be impossible in the current situation. There's the expenditure for the war in Iraq, which I consider irresponsible. But there's also a recession and a desire to invigorate the economy through fiscal stimulus, which is quite legitimate. That's why we actually do need a deficit in the short term - but certainly not the type of deficit we have now.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Because it's not created by investment, but to a large extent by cutting taxes?
Akerlof: A short-term tax benefit for the poor would actually be a reasonable stimulus. Then, the money would almost certainly be spent. But the current and future deficit is a lot less stimulatory than it could be. Our administration is just throwing the money away. First, we should have fiscal stimulus that is sharply aimed at the current downturn. But this deficit continues far into the future, as the bulk of the tax cuts can be expected to continue indefinitely. The Administration is giving us red ink as far as the eye can see, and these permanent aspects outweigh the short-term stimulatory effects.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: And secondly, you disagree with giving tax relief primarily to wealthier Americans. The GOP argues that those people deserve it for working hard.
Akerlof: The rich don't need the money and are a lot less likely to spend it - they will primarily increase their savings. Remember that wealthier families have done extremely well in the US in the past twenty years, whereas poorer ones have done quite badly. So the redistributive effects of this administration's tax policy are going in the exactly wrong direction. The worst and most indefensible of those cuts are those in dividend taxation - this overwhelmingly helps very wealthy people.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: The President claims that dividend tax reform supports the stock market - and helps the economy as a whole to grow.
Akerlof: That's totally unrealistic. Standard formulas from growth models suggest that that effect will be extremely small. In fact, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has come to a similar conclusion. So, even a sympathetic treatment finds that this argument is simply not correct.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: When campaigning for an even-larger tax cut earlier this year, Mr. Bush promised that it would create 1.4 million jobs. Was that reasonable?
Akerlof: The tax cut will have some positive impact on job creation, although, as I mentioned, there is very little bang for the buck. There are very negative long-term consequences. The administration, when speaking about the budget, has unrealistically failed to take into account a very large number of important items. As of March 2003, the CBO estimated that the surplus for the next decade would approximately reach one trillion dollars. But this projection assumes, among other questionable things, that spending until 2013 is going to be constant in real dollar terms. That has never been the case. And with the current tax cuts, a realistic estimate would be a deficit in excess of six trillion.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: So the government's just bad at doing the correct math?
Akerlof: There is a systematic reason. The government is not really telling the truth to the American people. Past administrations from the time of Alexander Hamilton have on the average run responsible budgetary policies. What we have here is a form of looting.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: If so, why's the President still popular?
Akerlof: For some reason the American people does not yet recognize the dire consequences of our government budgets. It's my hope that voters are going to see how irresponsible this policy is and are going to respond in 2004 and we're going to see a reversal.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: What if that doesn't happen?
Akerlof: Future generations and even people in ten years are going to face massive public deficits and huge government debt. Then we have a choice. We can be like a very poor country with problems of threatening bankruptcy. Or we're going to have to cut back seriously on Medicare and Social Security. So the money that is going overwhelmingly to the wealthy is going to be paid by cutting services for the elderly. And people depend on those. It's only among the richest 40 percent that you begin to get households who have sizeable fractions of their own retirement income.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Is there a possibility that the government, because of the scope of current deficits, will be more reluctant to embark on a new war?
Akerlof: They would certainly have to think about debt levels, and military expenditure is already high. But if they seriously want to lead a war this will not be a large deterrent. You begin the war and ask for the money later. A more likely effect of the deficits is this: If there's another recession, we won't be able to engage in stimulatory fiscal spending to maintain full employment. Until now, there's been a great deal of trust in the American government. Markets knew that, if there is a current deficit, it will be repaid. The government has wasted that resource.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Which, in addition, might drive up interest rates quite significantly?
Akerlof: The deficit is not going to have significant effects on short-term interest rates. Rates are pretty low, and the Fed will manage to keep them that way. In the mid term it could be a serious problem. When rates rise, the massive debt it's going to bite much more.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Why is it that the Bush family seems to specialize in running up deficits? The second-largest federal deficit in absolute terms, $290 billion, occurred in 1991, during the presidency of George W. Bush's father.
Akerlof: That may be, but Bush's father committed a great act of courage by actually raising taxes. He wasn't always courageous, but this was his best public service. It was the first step to getting the deficit under control during the Clinton years. It was also a major factor in Bush's losing the election.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: It seems that the current administration has politicised you in an unprecedented way. During the course of this year, you have, with other academics, signed two public declarations of protest. One against the tax cuts, the other against waging unilateral preventive war on Iraq.
Akerlof: I think this is the worst government the US has ever had in its more than 200 years of history. It has engaged in extraordinarily irresponsible policies not only in foreign and economic but also in social and environmental policy. This is not normal government policy. Now is the time for people to engage in civil disobedience.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Of what kind?
Akerlof: I don't know yet. But I think it's time to protest - as much as possible.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: Would you consider joining Democratic administration as an adviser, as your colleague Joseph Stiglitz did?
Akerlof: As you know my wife was in the last administration, and she did very well. She is probably much better suited for public service. But anything I'll be asked to do by a new administration I'd be happy to do.
SPIEGEL ONLINE: You've mentioned the term civil disobedience a minute ago. That term was made popular by the author Henry D. Thoreau, who actually advised people not to pay taxes as a means of resistance. You wouldn't call for that, would you?
Akerlof: No. I think the one thing we should do is pay our taxes. Otherwise, it'll only make matters worse.
© SPIEGEL ONLINE 2003
回應 回應給此人 推薦文章 列印 加入我的文摘
引用網址:https://city.udn.com/forum/trackback.jsp?no=3011&aid=1339952