5種中國致命武器被指控從蘇聯及美國盜取或彷製?

5 Lethal Chinese Weapons of War (Stolen or Copied from Russia and America).?

As the People’s Republic of China (PRC) emerged from war and revolution in 1949, it became apparent that the Chinese economy lacked the capacity to compete with the U.S. or the U.S.S.R. in the production of advanced military technology.  Transfers from the Soviet Union helped remedy the gap in the 1950s, as did transfers from the United States and Europe in the 1970s and 1980s. Still, the Cultural Revolution stifled technology and scientific research, leaving the Chinese even farther behind.

Thus, China has long supplemented legitimate transfers and domestic innovation with industrial espionage.  In short, the PRC has a well-established habit of pilfering weapons technology from Russia and the United States.  As the years have gone by, Beijing’s spies have become ever more skillful and flexible in their approach. Here are five systems that the Chinese have stolen or copied, in whole or in part:

5種戰爭的致命中國武器（被盜或來自俄羅斯和美國複製）。

作為中國人民共和國（PRC）從戰爭與革命在1949年出現，很明顯，中國經濟缺乏與美國或U.S.S.R.競爭能力在生產的先進軍事技術。從蘇聯轉讓有助於解決20世紀50年代的差距一樣，來自美國和歐洲在20世紀70年代和80年代的傳輸。儘管如此，文革扼殺技術和科研成果，使中國甚至更遠之後。

因此，中國長期補充合法轉移和國內創新與工業間諜活動。總之，中國已經從俄羅斯和美國順手牽羊武器技術的一套行之有效的習慣。隨著歲月的過去了，北京的間諜已經成為曾經在他們的做法更加純熟而靈活。

以下是中國人竊取或複製全部或部分五個系統：?

本文作者意在質疑中國近年來的國防武器科技,日新月異的突破性的發展有所成,就其幕後的作業令美國,蘇聯及西方工業國家感到好奇?

究竟中國如何在短短10年間(2005-2015),等同超越或凌駕西方諸國的武器系統,更令美國及蘇聯感到不安?

中國從零一無所有的國防科技武器系統,進步到整體戰爭武器系統的發展,而且成為世界第3名武器出口國家,僅次於美國及蘇聯.就算是中國間諜竊取或仿造美國及蘇聯的國防武器科技系統那只怕是友30%左右,其餘70% 都是中國科學家及工程師,自主研究,發明創新,而有今日的成績,西方國家不可一昧的質疑中國,竊取或是仿造西方諸多的武器系統.

當今西方武器系統在每年的國際國防武器銷售展示會,都是公開的呈露以及交易流通,只要老子我有錢,任何武器系統皆可以購買得到,甚至於可以試用,一般皆假藉演習之由,驗證及試用新型武器系統,有些西方國家武器製造商甚至於免費提供樣品武器,供應演習所需武器,以便得到訂單,大玩軍火生意,這是公開的武器交易規則,中國藉由本身以及以第三者的身份立場,取得各式各樣的武器系統,加以解析研究,這樣一來就背負竊取或是仿造的罪名,這對於中國而言是不公平的指責. 

例如美國指責中國J-20隱形戰鬥機其主要機密隱形系統就是竊取及仿造美國F-22隱形戰鬥機,只是美國F-22由開發設計到製造成機列裝為美國空軍使用,時間超過10年之久(1997-2005),可見其成本花費巨大,而中國-20隱形戰鬥機由開發設計建造到交付中國空軍使用也不過6年左右.(2011-2017)時間,其品質價錢都優益美國F-22.這是同等質的隱形戰鬥機的比較,而不是機密或是仿造的議題.至於戰鬥力的評估,西方軍事專家早已發表出各式各樣的評估報告,中國的J-20與美國F-22皆宜,不相上下,是兄弟機,看起來只有先進先出而已.美國預期採購300架F-22才夠使用?.而中國空軍則需要500架J-20 才夠使用?

J-7:In 1961, as tensions between the USSR and the PRC reached a fever pitch, the Soviets transferred blueprints and materials associated with its new MiG-21 interceptor to China. The offering represented an effort to bridge part of the gap, and suggest to China that cooperation between the Communist giants remained possible.

The offering didn’t work. Sino-Soviet tensions continued to increase, nearly to the point of war in the late 1960s. The Chinese worked from the blueprints and other materials, and eventually produced the J-7, a virtual copy of the MiG-21.  The Chinese eventually sold the J-7 (F-7 export variant) in direct competition with the MiGs sold by the Soviets.  Indeed, after the US-PRC rapprochement of the early 1970s, the Chinese sold J-7s directly to the Americans, who used them as part of an aggressor squadron to train US pilots to fight the Soviets.

J-11:The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s heralded a thaw in Russia-China relations.  Russia no longer had strong reasons to withhold its most advanced military technology from the Chinese.  More importantly, the huge Soviet military industrial complex needed customers badly, and the Russian military could no longer afford new equipment. For its part, the PRC needed new sources of high technology military equipment after Europe and the United States imposed arms embargoes in the wake of the Tiananmen Square massacre.

Accordingly, the 1990s saw several huge arms deals between Moscow and Beijing.  One of the most important involved the sale, licensing, and technology transfer of the Su-27 “Flanker” multirole fighter. The deal gave the Chinese one of the world’s most dangerous air superiority fighters, and gave the Russian aviation industry a lifeline.

But the era of good feelings couldn’t hold.  Details remain murky and disputed, but the Russians claim that the Chinese began violating licensing terms almost immediately, by installing their own avionics on Flankers (J-11, under Chinese designation).  The Chinese also began developing a carrier variant, in direct violation of agreed-to terms.  The appropriation of Russian technology undercut the relationship between Russia and China, making the Russians far more wary of transferring their crown jewels to the Chinese military.

J-31:Even before the Snowden leaks established extensive Chinese industrial espionage, Americans analysts suspected that China was stealing information associated with the F-35.  The likely reality of this theft became clear when information about the J-31 stealth fighter became available.  The J-31 looks very much like a twin-engine F-35, without the VSTOL capabilities of the F-35B.

The J-31 also presumably lacks much of the advanced avionics that have the potential to make the F-35 a devastating fighter.  Nevertheless, the J-31 may eventually operate from carriers, and could potentially compete with the Joint Strike Fighter on the export market.

UAVs:In 2010, China lagged woefully behind the United States in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology.  Since that time, the Chinese have caught up, and are now producing drones capable of competing with US models on the international arms market.  How did the Chinese catch up so fast?

According to US intelligence, Chinese hackers appropriated technology from several sources, including the US government and private companies (General Atomics) associated with the production of UAVs. The newest Chinese UAVs closely resemble US aircraft visually and in performance, a remarkable turn-around time for China’s aviation industry.

Night Vision Technology:After the Vietnam War, the United States military decided that it would invest heavily in an effort to “own the night.”  This led to major advances in night vision technology, including equipment that allowed individual soldiers, armored vehicles, and aircraft to see and fight in the dark. This equipment has given the US a huge advantage in several conflicts since the 1980s.

China is seeking to end this advantage, and has geared some of its espionage efforts towards acquiring and replicating US tech in this area.  This has included some cyber-theft, but also several old-style ops in which Chinese businessmen illegally acquired export-controlled tech from US companies.

The Last Salvo:The United States has become increasingly aggressive about slowing down or halting China’s industrial espionage efforts. This has included indictments of PLA officers, broad condemnations of Chinese spying, and targeted reprisals against some Chinese firms. But given the extensive commercial contacts between China and the United States, stopping the flow of technology is virtually impossible. Moreover, China has developed a large, innovative technology economy in its own right. Indeed, as Chinese technology catches up with American (and in some cases exceeds Russian)