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忠實對歷史 紀念堂要新思維
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漢堡王子
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教育部拆卸民進黨政府懸掛的「台灣民主紀念館」牌扁,掛回「中正紀念堂」舊匾,廣場正面牌坊的「民主廣場」則予保留。民進黨雖然言語激烈,但就政治現實而言,陳水扁決策粗糙在先,國民黨被動更正在後,換匾事件應不至於引起太大政治漣漪。

不過,從深化民主與提升公民素質角度思考,卻不應該讓牌匾去留事件船過水無痕。我們應認真思考,台灣地狹人稠、社會開放、教育程度高、媒體發達、人際溝通密切,資訊流通便捷,為何是「一個國家、兩個世界」。

中正紀念堂爭議顯示,蔣中正歷史地位問題,不同族群間並無共識,對二二八事件與白色恐怖年代的記憶,也存在重大分歧,甚至年代更久遠的日本殖民統治經驗,反而因家族世代口耳相傳與選擇性閱讀而強化分歧。

國民黨威權統治手段未能解決歷史記憶差距問題,民進黨粗暴的民粹手段更激化對立,馬政府如果只用「法匠」手段處理牌匾爭議,同樣只會強化不同族群的差異記憶。

台灣是「偏聽」的社會,人們不太習慣主動尋找不同意見促成自己的「腦力激盪」,加上媒體「市場區隔」策略,使台灣成為一個「思想近親繁殖」的國家。

政府應該讓不同族群交換彼此的歷史記憶,最近幾年網際網路普及率提高,個人部落格興起,網路上有許許多多個人歷史紀錄供人閱讀,這是一個好的開始,但遠遠不夠。

蔣中正總統任內雖有「白色恐怖」陰影,但在他領導下,古寧頭戰役與八二三炮戰兩度擊退中共武力進犯,護衛了台灣主權也是事實。如果我們接受中正紀念堂的存在,就應該忠實呈現所有歷史事實,而非單一族群的記憶。未來「中正紀念堂」的陳設與展覽內容應該有新的思維。

形塑共同歷史經驗,必須從交換歷史經驗開始,如果有一座中正紀念堂紀念蔣中正總統,其他總統的文物,亦應有展示場地。總統府是殖民時代的總督府,是日本統治的象徵,作為現代民主台灣的政治核心,顯得不倫不類,社會早有遷建之議,馬總統競選亦列為政見,應早日規劃實現,現有建物可轉型為殖民歷史博物館,客觀陳列相關文物,滿清統治及先民移殖史亦可籌建博物館,讓台灣每一段歷史都能忠實呈現。



Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next-generation Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks and the Internet. IPv4 is currently the dominant Internet Protocol version, and was the first to receive widespread use. In December 1998, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) designated IPv6 as the successor to version 4 by the publication of a Standards Track specification, RFC 2460.





In December 2008, despite celebrating its 10th anniversary as a Standards Track protocol, IPv6 was only in its infancy in terms of general worldwide deployment. A recent study by Google indicates that penetration is still less than one percent of Internet traffic in any country. The leaders are Russia (0.76%), France (0.65%), Ukraine (0.64%), Norway (0.49%), and the United States (0.45%). Although Asia leads in terms of absolute deployment numbers, the relative penetration is smaller (e.g., China: 0.24%). IPv6 is implemented on all major operating systems in use in commercial, business, and home consumer environments. According to the study, Mac OS X leads in IPv6 penetration of 2.44%, followed by Linux (0.93%) and Windows Vista (0.32%).





IPv6 has a much larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, where IPv4 uses only 32 bits. The new address space thus supports 2^128 (about 3.4×10^38) addresses. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the need for network address translation (NAT). NAT gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion.





IPv6 also implements new features that simplify aspects of address assignment (stateless address autoconfiguration) and network renumbering (prefix and router announcements) when changing Internet connectivity providers. The IPv6 subnet size has been standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from Link Layer media addressing information (MAC address).





Network security is integrated into the design of the IPv6 architecture. Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) was originally developed for IPv6, but found widespread optional deployment first in IPv4 (into which it was back-engineered). The IPv6 specifications mandate IPsec implementation as a fundamental interoperability requirement.





The general requirements for implementing IPv6 on a network host are specified in RFC 4294.





Sometime around 6000 BCE a nomadic herding people settled into villages in the Mountainous region just west of the Indus River. There they grew barley and wheat using sickles with flint blades, and they lived in small houses built with adobe bricks. After 5000 BCE the climate in their region changed, bringing more rainfall, and apparently they were able to grow more food, for they grew in population. They began domesticating sheep, goats and cows and then water buffalo. Then after 4000 BCE they began to trade beads and shells with distant areas in central Asia and areas west of the Khyber Pass. And they began using bronze and working metals.





The climate changed again, bringing still more rainfall, and on the nearby plains, through which ran the Indus River, grew jungles inhabited by crocodiles, rhinoceros, tigers, buffalo and elephants. By around 2600 BCE, a civilization as grand as that in Mesopotamia and Egypt had begun on the Indus Plain and surrounding areas. By 2300 BCE this civilization had reached maturity and was trading with Mesopotamia. Seventy or more cities had been built, some of them upon buried old towns. There were cities from the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains to Malwan in the south. There was the city of Alamgirpur in the east and Sutkagen Dor by the Arabian Sea in the west.





One of these cities was Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjodaro), on the Indus river some 250 miles north of the Arabian Sea, and another city was Harappa, 350 miles to the north on a tributary river, the Ravi. Each of these two cities had populations as high as around 40,000. Each was constructed with manufactured, standardized, baked bricks. Shops lined the main streets of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, and each city had a grand marketplace. Some houses were spacious and with a large enclosed yard. Each house was connected to a covered drainage system that was more sanitary than what had been created in West Asia. And Mohenjo-daro had a building with an underground furnace (a hypocaust) and dressing rooms, suggesting bathing was done in heated pools, as in modern day Hindu temples.





The people of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa shared a sophisticated system of weights and measures, using an arithmetic with decimals. Whether these written symbols were a part of a full-blown written language is a matter of controversy among scholars, some scholars pointing out that this and the brevity of grave site inscriptions and symbols on ritual objects are not evidence of a fully developed written language.





The people of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa mass-produced pottery with fine geometric designs as decoration, and they made figurines sensitively depicting their attitudes. They grew wheat, rice, mustard and sesame seeds, dates and cotton. And they had dogs, cats, camels, sheep, pigs, goats, water buffaloes, elephants and chickens.



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