http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2009-04/01/content_11111735.htm
"猛禽"戰機墜地不稀奇 新戰機也有致命弱點 
2009年04月01日 10:15:46 　來源：國際在線-世界新聞報

    近日，美國空軍一架F-22“猛禽”戰機在測試時墜毀，這是該型戰機第三次發生墜毀事故。F-22是世界上最先進的重型隱形戰鬥機，造價高達1.3億到1.6億美元。事故表明，即便是最先進的戰機也存在致命弱點。

    F-22發生三次墜毀

    當地時間3月25日上午10點，美國空軍一架F-22“猛禽”戰鬥機在南加利福尼亞州愛德華茲空軍基地東北約56公裏處墜毀。目前飛機失事細節還不清楚，駕駛這架戰機的是49歲的資深飛行員大衛·庫利，曾在美空軍服役21年，他來不及彈跳逃生，當場死亡。

    這已不是F-22第一次發生墜毀事故。1992年4月，F-22一架原型機在低空飛行時墜毀在愛德華茲空軍基地跑道上，飛行員彈射逃生。失事原因是電傳操縱係統出現問題。第二次事故發生在2004年12月F-22試飛與測試時，飛行員也彈射逃生。美國調查委員會隨後排除了飛行員操作失誤、裝配質量問題以及測試內容過于危險等因素，但事故真正原因至今是謎。

    此次事故發生原因目前也不清楚。中國國防大學教授張召忠認為，即便是像F-22如此先進的戰機，也可能存在致命弱點。這次事故的原因可能是發動機熄火造成電路係統出現故障，也有可能是由于飛行員空中排險能力不強，處置不當。張召忠指出，新型戰機的性能都是飛行員飛出來的，此次第四代超音速戰鬥機F-22墜毀，也可能是在測試飛機某種性能時，出現了飛行員無法駕馭的問題。

    新型戰機出現問題正常

    日前，中國空軍航空兵某團在進行殲-10戰機飛行訓練時，飛機也因傳動係統故障造成發動機空中停車，最終飛行員憑借過硬的心理素質和飛行技術成功迫降，有媒體也因此懷疑此次迫降說明殲-10有質量問題。但事實上一架新型戰機從試驗到定型，再到實戰，需要反復試驗和論證，其間出現這樣或那樣的問題，甚至是發生飛行事故都是正常的。空軍飛行指揮學院教授陳洪說，殲-10是中國生產的第三代戰鬥機，與西方發達國家相比，無論哪個方面都不遜色。但飛機是一種機械，不可能100%消除故障，先進的F-22戰機，不也出現了嚴重的墜毀事故嗎？

    事實上，殲-10這次成功迫降的經驗彌足珍貴。空軍某部副參謀長徐勇淩說，本次殲-10成功迫降，是中國第三代戰機在真實訓練環境下，成功處置空中停車並迫降成功的第一個范例，在大氣參數等很多數據失去的情況下，飛行員僅憑借外界大地的景物和天地線操作飛機，並成功著陸，這填補了世界航空史的空白。“一次成功的空滑迫降，需要什麼樣的理論，在迫降時各種數據是怎樣的，對全世界都是未知，這次成功迫降解答了所有問題，不說戰機本身價值，僅從技術上說，此次迫降價值要超過兩個億”。

    F-22採購前景堪憂

    此次F-22墜毀事故是否會影響到F-22的增購計劃？美國航空業人士表示，現代戰機在戰鬥中或者測試訓練時發生墜毀是很正常，“難以想像一次墜毀事故就成為了停止採購F-22的理由”

    由于F-22戰機造價高昂，在阿富汗和伊拉克戰場無用武之地，美國防部長曾公開表示讚成停產。目前美空軍和洛馬公司正積極挽救F-22項目。事發後，美空軍高調宣揚F-22性能優越，甚至稱F-22雖然在反恐戰爭中用處不大，但卻是對中國進行威懾的有效武器。洛馬公司則表示，如果接不到更多訂單，公司可能會取消其生產線，這將波及1000家公司的95000個工作崗位。 （高倚天）

http://www.dsti.net/News/52607.htm
3月25日墜毀的F-22戰鬥機駕駛員已被證實在事故中遇難

[據美國《空中攻擊》網站2009年3月26日報導] 美國當地時間3月25日上午10點左右，一架隸屬於美國空軍第412測試聯隊第411測試中隊的F－22“猛禽”戰鬥機在愛德華茲(Edwards)空軍基地東北方向大約35英里（56千米）處墜毀。

      F-22戰鬥機的主承包商—洛克希德•馬丁公司在隨發後發表的一份聲明中透露，墜毀的這架F-22飛機駕駛員是49歲的大衛•庫裏（David Cooley），他被趕到現場的救援人員送往附近醫院後死亡。大衛•庫裏是一位經驗豐富的飛行員，曾在美國空軍服役21年，後於2003年進入洛•馬公司。遇難前，大衛•庫裏是F-22戰鬥機聯合測試小組的成員，與美國空軍現役飛行員一起參加F-22的飛行測試。（中國航空工業發展研究中心  陳黎）

http://www.dsti.net/News/52586.htm
美空軍一架F-22在愛德華茲空軍基地附近墜毀

[據美國《航空週刊與空間技術》網站2009年3月25日報導] 美國空軍證實一架F-22“猛禽”戰鬥機在加利福尼亞州南部沙漠墜毀，事故發生在當地時間3月25日上午10時，事故地點在距離愛德華茲空軍基地東北35英里（56千米）處。美國空軍表示，這架F-22隸屬於空軍第412試驗聯隊第411飛行試驗中隊，當時正在執行飛行試驗任務，但沒有透露具體的試驗內容。愛德華茲空軍基地負責F-22戰鬥機改進與現代化的研製試驗。

     目前，事故原因不明，飛行員的生死未知。美國空軍發言人稱，由於墜毀的“猛禽”戰鬥機與伴隨飛機分離，所以伴隨機的飛行員沒有看清楚到底發生了什麼。

     美國空軍目前共擁有134架F-22“猛禽”戰鬥機。（中國航空工業發展研究中心  蘇海軍）

http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123141485
F-22A crash claims life of Edwards pilot

3/25/2009 - EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE, Calif. (AFNS)  -- An Air Force F-22A crash March 25 near here claimed the life of an Air Force veteran and Lockheed Martin test pilot.

David Cooley, 49, of Palmdale, Calif., died when the F-22A he was piloting crashed northeast of the base here. Mr. Cooley worked as a test pilot with Lockheed Martin, and was employed at the 411th Flight Test Squadron, 412th Test Wing, on Edwards.

Mr. Cooley joined Lockheed Martin in 2003 and was a 21-year veteran of the Air Force. He worked at the F-22 Combined Test Force, where a team of Lockheed Martin and Air Force pilots conduct F-22 aircraft testing.

"This is a very difficult day for Edwards and those who knew and respected Dave as a warrior, test pilot and friend," said Maj. Gen. David Eichhorn, Air Force Flight Test Center commander. "Our thoughts and prayers are with Dave and his family as we struggle through, and do all we can to support them."

Edwards officials said they were notified around 10 a.m. that the F-22A had gone down 35 miles northeast of the base. First responders transported Mr. Cooley from the crash scene to Victor Valley Community Hospital in Victorville, Calif., where he was pronounced dead.

A board of officers is investigating the accident through an Accident Investigation Board, whose findings will be released to the public upon completion.

http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2009/0325aero-f-22.html
Lockheed Martin Statement - F-22 Accident

Fort Worth, TX, March 25th, 2009 -- Lockheed Martin test pilot David Cooley, 49, was killed today at about 10 a.m. Pacific time in the crash of an F-22 aircraft flying on a test mission from Edwards AFB, California. We are deeply saddened by the loss of David and our concerns, thoughts and prayers at this time are with his family. David joined Lockheed Martin in 2003 and was a 21-year veteran of the U.S. Air Force. He worked at the F-22 Combined Test Force, where a team of Lockheed Martin and Air Force pilots conduct F-22 aircraft testing.

http://n.yam.com/afp/international/200903/20090326385425.html
美F-22匿蹤戰機墜毀加州　試飛員喪生  
法新社╱何世煌 2009-03-26 14:50     

 
（法新社洛杉磯25日電）航太巨擘洛克希德馬丁公司（Lockheed Martin）表示，該公司旗下一名試飛員測試美軍一架全球最先進戰鬥機F-22時，墜毀在加州南部沙漠後喪生。

洛克希德馬丁公司發表聲明，這架美國空軍F-22戰機上午10時左右在加州愛德華空軍基地（Edwards air force base）東北方約56公里處墜毀，當時49歲的試飛員庫里（David Cooley）正在執行測試任務。

聲明說，庫里是服役21年的空軍老兵，他在2003年加入洛克希德馬丁公司。

空軍飛行測試中心（Air Force Flight Test Center）指揮官艾克霍恩（David Eichhorn）說：「對於愛德華空軍基地官兵，以及所有認識並將庫里視為戰士、試飛員及朋友的人而言，這是令人難過的一天。」

他說：「我們努力度過這段低潮期之際，我們為庫里及其家人祈禱並致上哀思，並全力支持他們。」

美國空軍稍早發表聲明說，這是F-22戰機第二次墜毀。聲明指出：「第一次發生在2004年12月F-22試飛與評估階段，地點同樣在愛德華空軍基地，當時試飛員安全彈射逃生成功。」

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090326/ts_alt_afp/alert_20090326030329
Pilot killed in California F-22 fighter jet crash

Wed Mar 25, 11:02 pm ET
LOS ANGELES (AFP) – A Lockheed Martin test pilot was killed after his US military F-22 aircraft, the world's most advanced fighter jet, crashed in the southern California desert, the aerospace giant said.

David Cooley, 49, was on a test mission in an Air Force F-22 when it crashed at about 10:00 am (1700 GMT), approximately 35 miles (56 kilometers) northeast of California's Edwards Air Force Base, Lockheed Martin said in a statement.

Cooley was a 21-year Air Force veteran who joined Lockheed Martin in 2003, the aerospace firm said.

"This is a very difficult day for Edwards and those who knew and respected Dave as a warrior, test pilot and friend," said Air Force Flight Test Center commander David Eichhorn.

"Our thoughts and prayers are with Dave and his family as we struggle through, and do all we can to support them."

Earlier the Air Force said the crash was only the second involving an F-22. "The first one was during the aircraft's test and evaluation period in December 2004, also at Edwards, during which the pilot ejected safely," it said in a statement.

Conceived during the Cold War, the F-22 has been criticized for being poorly suited to the counter-insurgency warfare the United State faces in Afghanistan and Iraq.

With the US military's budget coming under pressure amid an economic crisis, Defense Secretary Robert Gates has said plans to build more F-22 Raptors might be scaled back along with other costly weapons programs.

The Air Force has defended the program, pointing to continued conventional military threats from countries such as China.

"Its combination of stealth, supercruise, maneuverability, and integrated avionics, coupled with improved supportability represents an exceptional leap in war fighting capabilities," an Air Force statement said.

"The Raptor performs both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions allowing full realization of operational concepts vital to the 21st century Air Force."

http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2009-03/26/content_11074813.htm
墜毀的美軍F-22隱形戰機飛行員被證實已死亡 
2009年03月26日 09:13:36 　來源：中國新聞網 

   美聯社報道，一架美軍最先進的戰鬥機F-22“猛禽”隱形戰機25日在南加州荒漠地區墜毀。負責該飛機生產和實驗的洛克希德馬丁公司25日晚些時候證實墜毀F-22隱形戰機上的飛行員已經死亡。

   該飛行員名叫David Cooley，現年49歲。洛克希德馬丁公司沒有透露更多細節。

   F-22“猛禽”戰鬥機是美軍現役最先進的重型隱形戰鬥機，每架戰機成本高達1.4億美元。目前已有183架交付美軍。

http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090326/ap_on_re_us/f22_crash_11
F-22 crashes in California desert; pilot killed

EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE, Calif. – One of the Air Force's top-of-the-line F-22 fighter jets crashed Wednesday in the high desert of Southern California, killing a test pilot for prime contractor Lockheed Martin Corp.

The F-22A Raptor crashed at 10 a.m. about 35 miles northeast of Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert. The Bureau of Land Management identifies the area as Harper Dry Lake, a vast and empty expanse of sometimes marshy flat land.

The pilot was David Cooley, 49, a 21-year Air Force veteran who joined Lockheed Martin in 2003, the company said in a statement. It did not release any details of the accident, including whether Cooley attempted to eject.

A statement issued by Edwards said first responders transported Cooley from the crash scene to Victor Valley Community Hospital in Victorville, where he was pronounced dead.

Cooley, of Palmdale, Calif., was part of a team of company and Air Force pilots who conduct F-22 testing.

"We are deeply saddened by the loss of David and our concerns, thoughts and prayers at this time are with his family," the statement said.

Sam Grizzle, a spokesman for Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co., said no additional information would be released.

A board of officers is investigating the crash, the Edwards statement said. The Air Force urged people to stay away from the site because hazardous materials may have been released.

"This is a very difficult day for Edwards and those who knew and respected Dave as a warrior, test pilot and friend," said Maj. Gen. David Eichhorn, the Air Force Flight Test Center commander.

The jet, assigned to the 411th Flight Test Squadron of Edwards' 412th Test Wing, was on a test mission, said Air Force Maj. David Small at the Pentagon. Small did not know the nature of the mission.

The radar-evading F-22s each cost $140 million and are designed for air dominance. The warplanes can carry air-to-air missiles but are capable of ground attack as well.

The $65 billion F-22 program is embattled, with some opponents contending that a different warplane under development, the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, is more versatile and less costly at $80 million per plane.

F-22s were grounded for two weeks after one crashed at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada in December 2004. They were cleared again to fly after a review, and an Air Force statement at the time said officials were "highly confident in the design, testing and development" of the aircraft. The pilot in that crash successfully ejected.

The U.S. is committed to 183 F-22s, down from the original plan laid out in the 1980s to build 750.

Lockheed Martin says there are 95,000 jobs at 1,000 companies connected to the F-22.

It is trying to persuade the Pentagon to buy as many as 20 more F-22s. The military is expected to signal its intentions when the 2010 Defense Department budget is released next month.

The F-22 is able to fly at supersonic speeds without using afterburners. That allows it to reach and stay in a battlespace faster and longer without being easily detected.

The fighter, powered by two Pratt & Whitney engines, is 62 feet long, has a wingspan of 44 1/2 feet and is flown by a single pilot.

http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2009-03/26/content_11073996.htm
美國空軍一架F-22戰機墜落
2009年03月26日 03:40:03 　來源：新華網 

   新華網洛杉磯３月２５日電（記者高原）美軍一架Ｆ－２２戰機２５日在位于加利福尼亞州南部沙漠地區的愛德華空軍基地附近墜落，目前駕駛員情況不詳。

   當地媒體援引愛德華空軍基地發言人德羅斯雷耶斯的話說，事故發生在當地時間上午１０時，事故地點在愛德華空軍基地東北３５英裏（５６公裏）處。

   他說，這架部署在愛德華空軍基地的戰機失事時正在進行訓練，目前有關方面正在試圖弄清駕駛員是否已經跳傘，以及他有可能降落的地點。美空軍調查員正在就事故展開調查。

   Ｆ－２２是美國空軍研制的新一代戰鬥機，也是目前唯一面世的“第四代戰鬥機”，美空軍將其視為２１世紀初的主戰機種。

http://n.yam.com/afp/international/200903/20090326366862.html
美一架先進F-22隱形戰機墜毀加州  
法新社╱劉學源 2009-03-26 08:05     

 
（法新社華盛頓25日電）空軍發言人表示，美國軍方一架全球最先進的F-22型戰鬥機，今天墜毀在加州南部沙漠。

美國空軍發言人強生（Richard Johnson）表示，「空軍一架F-22戰鬥機於上午約10時（格林威治標準時間17時）左右，在加州愛德華空軍基地（Edwards airforce base）東北方約35英里處墜毀。」

強生說，失事戰機自愛德華空軍基地起飛，從事測試任務，並稱「機上有一名飛行員，他的情況仍不明」。

http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090325/ts_alt_afp/alert_20090325235933
US F-22 fighter jet crashes in California

WASHINGTON (AFP) – A US military F-22 aircraft, the world's most advanced fighter jet, crashed in the southern California desert Wednesday, an Air Force spokesman said.

"An Air Force F-22 crashed at about 10:00am (1700 GMT) approximately 35 miles (56 kilometers) northeast of Edwards Air Force Base, California," US Air Force spokesman Richard Johnson said.

The jet left from Edwards on a test mission, he said, adding: "One pilot was on board. His condition is unknown."

The pilot was an employee of the aircraft's manufacturer, US aerospace giant Lockheed Martin, said Mike Strickler, a spokesman at Edwards Air Force Base.

The Air Force said the crash was the second involving an F-22.

"The first one was during the aircraft's test and evaluation period in December 2004, also at Edwards, during which the pilot ejected safely," it said in a statement.

Conceived during the Cold War, the F-22 has been criticized for being poorly suited to the counter-insurgency warfare the United State faces in Afghanistan and Iraq.

With the US military's budget coming under pressure amid an economic crisis, Defense Secretary Robert Gates has said plans to build more F-22 Raptors might be scaled back along with other costly weapons programs.

The Air Force has defended the program, pointing to continued conventional military threats from countries such as China.

"Its combination of stealth, supercruise, maneuverability, and integrated avionics, coupled with improved supportability represents an exceptional leap in war fighting capabilities," an Air Force statement said.

"The Raptor performs both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions allowing full realization of operational concepts vital to the 21st century Air Force."

http://news.gpwb.gov.tw/newpage_blue/news.php?css=2&nid=80540&rtype=2
2009/03/21   戰機匿蹤科技及視距空戰發展趨勢

◎ 張仁孚=
機動性，特別是轉彎率，是衡量視距空戰能力的重要指標。一般第三代戰鬥機在中低空持續轉彎率大約十三度至十五度／秒，它代表纏鬥佔位的能力；瞬間轉彎率大約二十度至二十五度／秒，它代表瞬間改變方向的能力。　　
在傳統視距空戰中，當轉彎率具有二度至三度／秒優勢時，往往就具有視距空戰的優勢。俄製蘇愷│27戰機的「眼鏡蛇」過失速機動，它打破轉彎率概念，進入過失速區，在動態過程中瞬間轉彎率可達七十度／秒。
　採用推力向量技術能使可控的轉彎率達到每秒數十度。但因這種技術用於戰機門檻較高，而用於短程飛彈成為大離軸角發射飛彈。大離軸角發射飛彈配以頭盔瞄準具能迅速捕獲並發射攻擊目標，效益較高。因此，頭盔瞄準具與推力向量技術（飛彈或飛機）將已對視距空戰產生革命性變化如下：　　
一、頭盔瞄準具和大離軸角短程空對空飛彈在未來空戰中是必不可少的。
二、視距空戰是極其危險的，而且愈來愈危險。　
三、視距空戰機會均等，即配備大離軸角飛彈和頭盔瞄準具的F│5或米格│21在單機較量中與F│22被擊落的概率幾乎都是一樣的，而且像F│22這樣的大飛機說不定還要處於劣勢。　　
四、一旦雙方戰鬥機具備了大離軸攻擊目標的能力，雙方就會避免視距格鬥。　　
超視距空戰及其發展　　
由於航電、武器系統的發展，第二代戰鬥機開始了攔射攻擊方式，開闢了超視距空戰的新概念。超視距空戰優點在於，明顯地擴大了攻擊區；飛機可以按前置碰撞路線小機動飛行，從而減輕了進攻飛機的機動性要求，同時使攔截線外移。　　
半主動雷達導引飛彈的載機發射後必須使自己的機載雷達始終繼續照射目標（雷達天線跟蹤角度大約正負六十度），直至目標被命中後才能以大G脫離，對自身安全極為不利。　　
對半主動飛彈系統來說，誰先發現並鎖定目標，誰先發射飛彈，就有可能先擊落目標而保存自己，也就是具有先敵發現先敵發射取勝的優點。　　
射後不理飛彈採用複合導引形式，因此戰機發射飛彈後不久即可機動脫離或開始對下一個目標的攻擊。　　如果作戰雙方均已裝備射後不理飛彈，在對頭攻擊的情況下，雷達／雷達截面積性能較佳和飛彈射程大的一方顯然具有先敵發現、先敵發射的優勢。　　
可是雷達／雷達截面積性能較低的另一方在被擊中之前也可能發射了射後不理飛彈，當飛彈與目標的距離小於終端導引主動雷達導引頭的作用距離時，儘管載機已被擊中，飛行中的飛彈仍可以擊中對手。因此先敵發現、先敵發射優勢的一方並不意味著一定具有戰勝對手的絕對優勢。
三代半戰機的空戰　　
初步匿蹤（包括匿蹤材料、匿蹤結構、進氣道遮蔽與座艙罩處理）可使雷達截面積降約6~9dB，可以較有先敵發現、先敵發射的機會，也會使對方飛彈的鎖定距離減少。　
主動電子掃描陣列雷達不但難讓對方雷達發現，也增加了探測和鎖定距離，另外更整合了其他空電（如通訊、抗干擾、電戰、對地攻擊）功能，使單一功能戰機成為多功能戰機，單目標鎖定成為多目標鎖定，雷達更難被干擾，甚至可集中功率作電子攻擊，使得戰機戰力大增。戰機的空中數據鏈使得偵測機與飛彈發射機不同方向，讓對方更摸不清目標所在。　　
戰機資訊處理能量使得戰機群可在局部戰場建立情勢知悉，讓對方防不勝防。　　
無人偵察機、電戰機、信號情報機、衛星與預警機的加入可獲得區域戰場的情勢知悉。由於引入了大量影像資訊，需透過寬頻網路支援，形成了系統對抗，也就是網路中心戰，可使多軍種聯合作戰。　　
透過機上的健診系統與數據鏈，使得後勤人員可在戰機一降落就整補彈藥油料，大幅縮短週轉時間。由於飛彈的引信偵測功率最小，抗干擾能力也差，微型空射誘標是躲過飛彈攻擊的最後有效保命符。　　
四代戰機的空戰　　
高度匿蹤還需要戰機之外形扁平、齊緣、適形、武器內裝、輻射管制、接縫處理與多頻譜匿蹤，可以造成對敵機的絕對先敵發現、先敵發射與不容易被鎖定優勢。多頻譜感應器與本機數據處理能力將使戰機成為情監偵節點。超音速巡航可使戰機較易躲過超視距飛彈與地對空飛彈，更使敵方很快面臨再度的後方攻擊。
從以上說明可得知視距空戰未來發展方向著重匿蹤、電戰及資訊，雖然高科技可以幫助飛行員取得優勢，但飛行員個人戰技的精進亦相當重要，世界各國空軍正不斷加強飛行員訓練，我國空軍飛行員在國外評估機構評價素質甚高，而亞洲各國及對岸對飛行員戰技訓練的強化不遺餘力，相對我國除了保持高素質更應精進訓練，並積極取得新一代高性能戰機，實為不可忽視的課題。
（本文由中科院提供，圖片來源／美國空軍、國防部網站）