http://www.dsti.net/Information/News/58921
HTV-2試驗失敗,美國還要花10億美元建設試飛區域嗎?
2010-05-13
【據英國《飛行國際》網站2010年5月10日報導】 美國預先研究計畫局(DARPA)4月23日進行的HTV-2發射試驗在發射後9分鐘與飛行器失去聯繫,但此次任務似乎被看成是相對成功。據DARPA稱,對資料的初步分析表明,HTV-2實現了大氣層內在超過20馬赫數下的可控飛行。
試驗計畫是讓HTV-2以20 930千米/小時的速度在太平洋上空飛行不多於30分鐘的時間,然後擊中太平洋北部Kwajalein環礁的雷根試驗場,衝擊將毀掉HTV-2,而DARPA也不打算回收殘骸。總飛行距離7590千米,包括滑翔段5740千米。動用了6艘艦船及2架飛機對飛行跟蹤遙測。DARPA稱通過所獲得的資料可以對該飛行器的高超聲速飛行特性有所瞭解。DARPA還計畫進行第二次飛行,那將標誌本專案第三階段也是最後階段的結束。
DARPA的目標是開發在“極快速度”(M20及更高)下長距離飛行所需要的技術。其關鍵技術難點為設計和試驗創新性的高升阻比氣動外形、先進的輕型但更耐熱的結構、材料和加工技術、高超聲速自主導航、制導與控制系統及自主安全系統。
該項目下一步如何發展成為一個公開的問題。最初,計畫開發HTV作為一種能夠攜帶相當重量的載重從美洲大陸在兩個小時之內飛往地球任何地方的系統。HTV-2曾引出開發一種HTV-3X飛行器,也稱為“黑色雨燕”,它將作為2025年投入使用的可重用高超聲速巡航飛行器(HCV)的基礎。HCV為一種無人駕駛飛機,能夠從常規跑道起飛,攜帶5400 kg載重在兩個小時之內打擊16 650 km距離的目標。但是“黑色雨燕”專案被取消了,這使得HTV-2的第二次飛行顯而易見地成為該項目的終點。
此次飛行的失敗,原因之一可能是再入大氣層時角度比計畫的陡,導致溫度過高,傷害了飛機或其儀器。不論原因如何,這次失敗顯示了為高超聲速飛行準備的佈滿儀器的試驗區域的價值。此前,美國軍方官員曾告訴《飛行國際》,至少有10億美元將花費在從加利福尼亞到澳大利亞的試飛區域的建設上。(中國航空工業發展研究中心 孫友師)
http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/05/10/341672/does-us-need-1bn-hypersonic-test-area-after-htv-2-failure.html
DATE:10/05/10
SOURCE:Flight International
Does US need $1bn hypersonic test area after HTV-2 failure?
By Rob Coppinger
The US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency may have lost contact with its Falcon Hypersonic Technology Vehicle 2 some 9min after launch, but the 23 April mission would appear to stand as a relative success. The Orbital Sciences' Minotaur IV lite launcher executed first of its kind energy management manoeuvres, clamshell payload fairing release and HTV-2 deployment just outside the atmosphere. And, according to DARPA, a preliminary review of data indicates the HTV-2 achieved controlled flight within the atmosphere at over Mach 20.
The plan was for the Lockheed Martin-designed HTV-2 - a dart-shaped glider - to glide across the Pacific Ocean at "13,000 miles per hour" (20,930km/h) for less than 30min, says DARPA, then to hit the ocean north of the Reagan Test Site in Kwajalein Atoll. The impact would have destroyed the test vehicle and DARPA had no plans to recover the debris. Total distance from lift-off would have been about 7,590km (4,100nm), including about 5,740km of glide.
Six sea-based and two airborne telemetry assets were tracking the flight.
HYPERSONIC INSIGHT
DARPA says what data is available will give some insight into the hypersonic flight characteristics of the vehicle. A second flight is planned, which will mark the end of this third and final phase of the programme.
DARPA's objective is to develop the technology needed for long-duration hypersonic flight at what it describes as "incredibly fast speeds" of M20 and above. Its key technical challenges are the design and testing of an innovative high lift-to-drag aerodynamic shape, advanced lightweight but tough thermal protection structures, material and fabrication technologies, autonomous hypersonic navigation guidance and control systems and an autonomous flight safety system.
Where the Falcon programme leads next is an open question. Originally, the plan was to develop HTV into a system for "delivering a substantial payload from the [continental USA] to anywhere on Earth in less than 2h", with operational capability in the 2010 timeframe.
HTV-2 was to lead to the development of an HTV-3X vehicle, known as Blackswift, which would have formed the basis for deployment around 2025 of a reusable Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle, an unmanned aircraft capable of taking off from a conventional runway with a 5,400kg (12,000lb) payload to strike targets 16,650km away in under 2h.
DOMINANT CAPABILITY
According to DARPA, HVC was to "provide the country dominant capability to wage a sustained campaign from CONUS on an array of time-critical targets while providing aircraft-like operability and mission recall capability". Blackswift was cancelled, however, leaving the programme apparently at an end with a second HTV-2 flight. Under the original plan, HTV-1 was to feature a hypersonic lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) of 2.5, increasing to 3.5-4 for the HTV-2 and 4-5 for the HTV-3. The HCV would have required an L/D of 6-7 at M10 and 130,000ft (40,000m).
Ultimately, HTV-1 was used to master the improvement of existing high-temperature materials - mostly silicon carbide and carbon-carbon composites - with new coatings. Using coatings, the oxidation resistance of silicon carbide can be improved by vacuum-impregnating its surface with a special polymer. Using such a polymer, the material is expected to operate from 10min to 1h in temperatures exceeding 1,650°C (3,000°F) and be reused up to 10 times. The two HTV-2 flights were to occur from 2009 and each would fly for 45min. HTV-2 became a 30min flight to test its carbon-carbon aeroshell with sharp leading edges and warm insulating structure that was expected to withstand 1,090°C for 1h.
As for the loss of HTV-2, one possible cause would have been its entry to the atmosphere at a steeper angle than planned, leading to higher-than-expected temperatures that may have destroyed the aircraft or its instrumentation. Whatever the cause, the loss demonstrates the value of a fully instrumented test area for hypersonic vehicles. In the past, US military officials have told Flight International that at least $1 billion would need to be spent to provide a test flight zone stretching from California to Australia.