Spurning Erdogan’s Vision, Turks Leave in Droves, Draining Money and Talent
土耳其資金、人才大舉出走
By Carlotta Gall

For 17 years, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan won elections by offering voters a vision of restoring the glories of Turkey’s Ottoman past. He extended his country’s influence with increased trade and military deployments, and he raised living standards with years of unbroken economic growth.
17年來，土耳其總統厄多安靠著給選民一個願景而連連勝選，那就是恢復土耳其鄂圖曼帝國時期的光榮。他藉由加強貿易和軍事部署擴大土耳其的影響力，並用多年不間斷的經濟成長提高生活水準。

But after a failed 2016 coup, Erdogan embarked on a sweeping crackdown. Last year, the economy wobbled and the lira plunged soon after he won re-election with even greater powers. As cronyism and authoritarianism seep deeper into his administration, Turks are voting differently – this time with their feet.
但在2016年發生一場未遂政變後，厄多安展開了全面鎮壓。去年土耳其經濟情勢不穩，而且在厄多安贏得連任並獲取更大權力後不久後，土耳其里拉就驟貶。隨著土耳其政府任人唯親和威權的情況更加嚴重，土耳其人開始用不同的方式投票－這次是用腳。

They are leaving the country in droves and taking talent and capital with them in a way that indicates a broad and alarming loss of confidence in Erdogan’s vision, according to government statistics and analysts.
根據土耳其官方的統計和分析家的說法，他們成群離開土耳其，而且把才能和資金一併帶走，他們離開的方式意味人們對厄多安的願景失去信心，失去信心的現象不但普遍，而且令人擔憂。

In the past two to three years, not only have students and academics fled the country, but also entrepreneurs, businesspeople, and thousands of wealthy individuals who are selling everything and moving their families and money abroad.
過去這兩三年，從土耳其出走的不只是學生和學者，還有企業家、商人和數以千計的有錢人，他們把值錢的東西變賣一空，並把家人和資產送到國外。

More than a quarter of a million Turks emigrated in 2017, according to the Turkish Institute of Statistics, an increase of 42 percent over 2016, when nearly 178,000 citizens left the country.
土耳其統計局的資料顯示，2017年移民到國外的土耳其人超過25萬人，比2016年的將近17萬8000人成長了42%。

Turkey has seen waves of students and teachers leave before, but this exodus looks like a more permanent reordering of the society and threatens to set Turkey back decades, said Ibrahim Sirkeci, director of transnational studies at Regent’s University in London, and other analysts.
倫敦攝政大學跨國研究中心主任史克西等分析家指出，土耳其發生過幾波師生外移潮，不過這波出走潮看來像是更具永久性的社會重新排序，恐怕會使土耳其倒退數十年。

“The brain drain is real,” Sirkeci said.
史克西說：「人才外流是千真萬確的。」

The flight of people, talent and capital is being driven by a powerful combination of factors that have come to define life under Erdogan and that his opponents increasingly despair is here to stay.
推動人群、才能和資金外逃的是一組強而有力的因素，這些因素決定了厄多安統治下的生活，而且反對厄多安的人對消弭這些因素日益絕望。

They include fear of political persecution, terrorism, a deepening distrust of the judiciary and the arbitrariness of the rule of law, and a deteriorating business climate, accelerated by worries that Erdogan is unsoundly manipulating the economy to benefit himself and his inner circle.
這些因素包括：對政治迫害的恐懼、恐怖活動、對司法體系和法治的任意性日漸加深的不信任，以及逐漸惡化的經商環境，人們擔憂厄多安破壞性地操縱經濟，好讓他自己和核心圈子得利，這樣的憂慮讓經商環境加速轉壞。

The result is that, for the first time since the republic was founded nearly a century ago, many from the old moneyed class, in particular the secular elite who have dominated Turkey’s cultural and business life for decades, are moving away and the new rich close to Erdogan and his governing party are taking their place.
結果就是，自從土耳其共和國近100年前成立以來，存在已久的富裕階層（特別是主宰土耳其文化與商業生活數十年的世俗菁英）之中，頭一次有許多人遷離土耳其，而由與厄多安及其執政黨親近的新富階層取而代之。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/world/europe/turkey-emigration-erdogan.html

2019-01-13 聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 李京倫

說文解字看新聞 李京倫

本文談土耳其人才外流現象，這群人對總統厄多安的統治不滿，帶著才幹和資金移民海外，恐怕會讓土耳其倒退數十年。

標題的Spurn是「輕蔑的拒絕」，另一個比較罕用的意思是「重踩」，隱含的意思是土耳其人踩著厄多安的願景成群離開。

emigration、exodus和flight大抵都是「外移」，其實不太一樣。

emigration是離開自己的國家，定居國外。Exodus是聖經舊約第二書「出埃及記」，講述在埃及受到奴役的以色列人，如何在摩西帶領下離開埃及的故事，所以引申出來，exodus就是人群大批離去的意思，但不一定永久離開，例如：the annual exodus of sun-seeking Canadians to Florida。

flight 是逃離危險或令人不快的處境或地方。in full flight 是拼命奔逃。a flight from reality 是逃離現實。

Stalin Curb Appeal, in Desperate Need of Repair
史達林高樓急需翻新 誰埋單惹爭議
By Neil MacFarquhar

Mikhail Posokhin still remembers the lip-smacking displays in Grocery Store No. 5 from his boyhood, when in 1955 his family moved into one of Moscow’s seven new, gothic skyscrapers.
米凱爾·波索金還記得少年時期「五號雜貨店」內好吃到爆的展示品，而他的家人是在1955年時搬進莫斯科七座新建哥德式摩天大樓之一。

More cathedral than marketplace, the grocery boasted marble floors and pillars, high ceilings with elaborate chandeliers and stained glass windows. Fish circled inside a large aquarium, while brightly lit display cases presented rarities like caviar heaped in crystal bowls.
雜貨店有大理石地板和柱子、挑高天花板、精美吊燈及彩色玻璃窗，雖是商場，卻更像大教堂。魚在一個大水族箱內盤旋，而明亮的展示櫃則陳列了像堆滿水晶碗的魚子醬之類稀有物品。

Unlike other Moscow stores, milk, sausage and chocolate bars were never scarce.
跟其他莫斯科商店不同的是，牛奶、香腸與巧克力棒從來不缺。

Muscovites came to gawk in droves, even if it was mostly the privileged elite – handed the high-rise apartments for free – who could afford to shop.
莫斯科人成群結隊前來開開眼界，而買得起的主要還是那些無償獲贈高樓公寓的特權菁英階級。

“These complexes presented a new life never seen by people before,” said Posokhin, a prominent Moscow architect whose father designed the building. “They were supposed to express the victorious spirit and the grandeur of the era.”
父親設計了這棟建築的知名莫斯科建築師波索金說：「這些綜合大樓呈現給人們前所未見的新生活。它們要表達的是勝利精神和時代壯麗。」

That was then.
那是當時。

Grocery Store No. 5, in the Kudrinskaya Square tower, now sits dusty and abandoned, some of its broken windows replaced with plywood.
設於庫德林廣場塔樓內的五號雜貨店，如今灰塵處處已被棄置，破掉的一些窗戶則為三合板所取代。

Screens erected above the building’s entrance shield pedestrians from tumbling masonry. Up close, statues of muscular men and Madonna-like mothers look mottled.
在大樓入口上方豎起了隔板，以保護行人不為剝落的磚石所傷，趨近一看，肌肉男及像聖母般母親的雕像則顏色斑駁。

Most of the city’s “Stalin High-rises” – both residential and government buildings – desperately need renovating. They are stuck in limbo, however, over who will foot the substantial bill.
這座城市大部分所謂的「史達林高樓」，無論是住宅還是政府建築都迫切需要翻新，卻因為由誰支付這麼大筆費用的問題而一籌莫展。

Since the residential apartments were privatized in the 1990s, the government considers the owners responsible. The residents, particularly the impoverished elderly who inherited apartments from the now deposed Soviet elite, believe that City Hall or the Kremlin should restore structures considered historical monuments.
由於住宅公寓已在1990年代私有化，政府認為屋主應該負責。居民們，尤其是從已遭廢黜的蘇聯時代菁英手中繼承公寓的那些貧困老人，則認為市政府或克里姆林宮應修復被視為歷史遺蹟的這些建築物。

“In Russia, there is still no culture of owning real estate,” said Elizabeth Lihacheva, director of the Schusev State Museum of Architecture, noting that even people who spend $1 million for an apartment often don’t want to pay one kopeck toward cleaning its courtyard
舒塞夫國家建築博物館館長伊莉莎白．李哈喬瓦說，「俄羅斯仍然沒有擁有房地產的文化」，並指出即便是花了相當於百萬美元高價買了一套公寓的人，也往往不願意為打掃庭院而支付分文。

Ideology inspired the construction of the Stalin High-rises, rechristened for tourists with the more palatable name of the Seven Sisters.
意識形態啟發了史達林高樓的建造，並為遊客重新取了「七姐妹」這更受歡迎的名字。

When World War II ended, large swaths of Moscow lay in ruins. Stalin thought the city, marking its 800th anniversary, lacked the grandeur required of a triumphant capital.
第二次世界大戰結束時，莫斯科有大片土地淪為廢墟。史達林認為，紀念建城800周年的莫斯科缺乏一個勝利首都應有的雄偉氣勢。

“Stalin was basically building a Soviet Empire,” Lihacheva said. “It needed to be expressed in architectural terms.”
李哈喬瓦說：「史達林基本上是在建立一個蘇維埃帝國。它需要以建築語彙來表達。」

Prewar plans for a monstrosity called the Palace of the Soviets, topped by a statue of Lenin twice the height of the Statue of Liberty, were abandoned because the swampy ground would not support it.
戰前原有建一座既怪且醜的「蘇聯宮」的計畫，上方是個較自由女神像高出一倍的列寧像、計劃後遭捨棄，因為這片濕軟的土地無法支撐它。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/29/world/europe/russia-stalin-moscow-seven-sisters.html

2019-01-13 聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 陳韋廷