The Post-World War II Order Is Under Assault From the Powers That Built It
強權破壞自己打造的戰後秩序
By Peter S. Goodman

History was not supposed to turn out this way.
歷史不該是這樣發展的。

In the aftermath of World War II, the victorious Western countries forged institutions – NATO, the European Union, and the World Trade Organization – that aimed to keep the peace through collective military might and shared prosperity. They promoted democratic ideals and international trade while investing in the notion that coalitions were the antidote to destructive nationalism.
二戰結束後，戰勝的西方國家創立各種機構：北大西洋公約組織，歐洲聯盟，及世界貿易組織，目標在透過集合軍力與共享繁榮以維持和平。他們提倡民主理想與國際貿易，同時投注心力於「結盟是毀滅性民族主義解藥」的觀念。

But now the model that has dominated geopolitical affairs for more than 70 years appears increasingly fragile. Its tenets are being challenged by a surge of nationalism and its institutions under assault from some of the very powers that constructed them – not least, the United States under President Donald Trump.
但是這個主導地緣政治事務超過70年的模式，如今似乎愈來愈脆弱。它的原則受到民族主義崛起挑戰，它的機制也被一些建立它的強權攻擊，尤其是唐納．川普總統治下的美國。

In place of shared approaches to societal problems – from trade disputes, to security, to climate change – national interests have captured primacy. The language of multilateral cooperation has been drowned out by angry appeals to tribal solidarity, tendencies that are heightened by economic anxieties.
如今不再和衷共濟以解決從貿易爭執、安全到氣候變遷等社會問題，而是國家利益掛帥。主張多邊合作的話語被高唱部族團結的憤怒訴求所淹沒，這些趨勢並因經濟焦慮而升高。

“What we’ve seen is a kind of backlash to liberal democracy,” said Amandine Crespy, a political scientist at Free University Brussels (ULB) in Belgium. “Masses of people feel they have not been properly represented in liberal democracy.”
比利時布魯塞爾自由大學的政治學家艾曼迪內．克雷斯比說：「我們眼前所見，是一種對自由民主的反撲。大批民眾覺得，自由民主沒有適當地為他們發聲。」

Within a White House roiled by tumult, recent weeks have demonstrated that the nationalists have seized the upper hand from their few globalist peers. Gary Cohn, the Goldman Sachs alumnus who advised Trump on economic policy, has departed. Peter Navarro, the stridently anti-China trade adviser, has gained influence. Since then, Trump has antagonized core allies with tariffs on steel and aluminum while raising the specter of a trade war with China.
在被爭吵擾亂的白宮內部，最近數周證明，相較於位居少數的全球主義同儕，民族主義者占了上風。出身高盛的川普經濟政策顧問蓋瑞．柯恩離職，堅決反中的貿易顧問彼得．納瓦羅的影響力增加。之後，川普以課徵鋼鐵和鋁材關稅惹怒核心盟國，且升高與中國大陸展開貿易戰的恐懼。

But the United States is far from the only power tearing at the foundations of the postwar order.
然而美國斷非撕裂戰後秩序基礎的唯一強權。

Britain is abandoning the European Union, turning its back on the project whose very existence is an expression of faith that integration discourages hostilities. Italy just elevated two populist political parties that nurse historical animosities against the bloc.
英國要棄歐盟而去，背棄這個計畫，而這個計畫的存在正是「統合能消減敵對」這信念的表達。義大利兩個民粹主義政黨新近抬頭，而這兩黨一向仇視歐盟。

Poland and Hungary, once viewed as triumphs of democracy flowering in post-Soviet soil, have shackled the media, cracked down on public gatherings, and attacked the independence of their court systems.
波蘭和匈牙利一度被視為在蘇聯後土壤上勝利綻放的民主花朵，如今箝制媒體，鎮壓公眾集會，且打擊法院系統的獨立性。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/business/nato-european-union.html

2018-04-15聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 莊蕙嘉

說文解字看新聞 莊蕙嘉

本文探討近年世界各國興起的政治現象，nationalism（民族主義）即為其一。

簡而言之，民族主義意指以民族認同為基礎的政治理念，「民族」的範圍必須經過界定。以美國而言，川普喊出的「美國優先」（America First）口號可視為民族主義的一種，相較於他國，川普將美國視為一個整體民族，政策上考慮民族利益勝於平等互惠或多邊合作，是以有先前的鋼鋁重課關稅，以及最近的三○一制裁。

民粹主義者（populist）源於拉丁語的populus，意指人民或群眾，因此民粹主義可解釋為「政治必須遵從人民的喜好」的信念。民粹主義者經常跳過既有政治規範，直接訴諸民意。文中提到的義大利竄起的民粹政黨，其中之一是「五星運動」黨，即訴求透過網路實現直接民主。

在美國白宮居下風的「全球主義者」（globalist），支持全球化的意識型態，主張各國應該更自由地交流，贊成自由貿易、降低關稅以及各國協商式的全球治理等。

文章開頭提到西方國家重建二戰後的世界秩序，文中有許多詞用來表達「團結」或「合作」的概念，包括collective（集合的、共同的）、coalition（聯合、結盟）、multilateral cooperation（多邊合作）、allies（盟友，ally的複數形）及integration（統一、整合）等。

All Roads Lead to Rome, Where Potholes Will Destroy Your Tires
條條大路通羅馬 小心到了以後會爆胎
By Jason Horowitz

On a rainy Sunday morning, Cristiano Davoli stopped traffic and rushed into the middle of the street to save the day.
在一個下雨的周日上午，達沃利攔下所有車輛，衝到馬路中央，不讓憾事發生。

The 45-year-old comic book salesman, wearing a Patch Me logo across his chest, emptied a bag of asphalt into a deep and perilous pothole. He beat the pitch down with the back of a shovel. He pounded it with his boots.
這名漫畫銷售員現年45歲，上衣的「修補我」標誌大到占滿胸膛，他把整袋瀝青倒進一個既深且危險的坑洞，用鏟子背面拍打了一陣，再用穿了靴子的雙腳重踩一番。

“That’s called an emergency intervention,” said Davoli, a vigilante hero in the battle against the voracious potholes that have opened across the city.
達沃利說：「這叫緊急干預。」他是巡守隊隊員，也是對抗滿城「獅子大開口」的坑洞的英雄。

All roads may lead to Rome, but when you get here the mean streets and wrecked pavements will puncture your tires, break your axles, herniate your discs, and in one recent case, swallow your SUV whole.
條條道路通羅馬，不過在你到達後，惡劣的街道和破損的路面就會刺穿你的輪胎，搞斷你的車軸，讓你椎間盤突出，在最近一個例子裡，還會把你的休旅車整個吞掉。

A poisonous Roman cocktail of chronic mismanagement, corruption, bureaucracy, neglect, heavy traffic, rare snow and constant rain has turned Rome’s roads into a modern ruin that has surpassed overflowing garbage, busted water pipes and striking bus drivers as the emblem of a degraded city in another decline.
把羅馬道路變成現代廢墟的因素很多，包括長期管理不善、貪腐、官僚體制、怠忽、交通流量大、難得出現的雪和常下的雨。爛路問題已超越滿溢的垃圾、破裂的水管和罷工的公車司機，成為這個墮落城市又一次沉淪的象徵。

First come the cracks, resembling spider webs. They give way to the grooved pattern of a dry desert floor. Ultimately gaping potholes open up. Camouflaged in a rainy March under cappuccino-colored puddles, they twist ankles, topple zigzagging scooters and turn car rides into brain-rattling off-road excursions.
首先出現的是蜘蛛網般的細縫。而後細縫變成有如布滿沙漠乾裂地面的溝紋。最後，坑洞就張著大口現身了。在多雨的三月，坑洞在卡布其諾色的水窪掩蔽下，扭傷人們的腳踝，撂倒蛇行的速克達，並把駕車體驗轉變成讓腦子震到發暈的越野旅行。

“It’s a disaster,” said Davoli, who has made filling potholes his personal mission, risking fines for filling them in unauthorized areas. His appeals to volunteer citywide have been ignored by the mayor.
達沃利說：「這真是災難。」他把填平坑洞當作職志，冒著在未經官方授權地區填補坑洞被罰款的風險。他呼籲全羅馬各地市民挺身當志工，市長卻不聞不問。

The city has closed streets and reduced the speed limit in many places to an ancient Roman crawl. The potholes have caused untold accidents, hours of traffic and windfalls for tire dealers. One pothole was credited with shredding the tires of 15 cars in under an hour.
市府已封閉一些街道，並將許多地方的速限降到古羅馬時期的龜速水平。這些坑洞造成多不勝數的事故，交通長時間堵塞，還給輪胎行帶來額外的營收。有一個坑洞不到一小時就刺破了15輛車的輪胎。

The perpetually embattled mayor, Virginia Raggi, last month inaugurated a 17 million euro “Marshall Plan” (not to be confused with February’s 90 million euro “Pothole Plan”) to patch up 50,000 potholes a month. The city has unveiled its “Pothole Patching Machine,” which it claims can fill 150 potholes a day. And prosecutors have opened a broad investigation to get to the bottom of the crackup.
市長維吉尼雅．拉吉一直處境艱難，三月啟動了總預算1700萬歐元的「馬歇爾計畫」，每個月要填平5萬個洞。（可別跟二月總預算9000萬歐元的「坑洞計畫」搞混了。）市府還展示了「補洞機」，號稱一天能填平150個洞。檢方也展開大規模調查，企圖挖掘爛路形成的根本原因。

Romans say the problem has never been this bad, but the Raggi administration, which has been in power for nearly two years, blames its predecessors. Margherita Gatta, the city’s chief infrastructure official, said that the world’s other cities had lots of potholes too, but that it was “normal that the capital makes news.”
羅馬人說，爛路問題從沒像現在這麼糟，不過，上台近兩年的拉吉政府歸咎於前任者。羅馬負責基礎建設的首長瑪格麗塔．加塔說，世界上其他城市也有很多坑洞，而「羅馬的情況會成為新聞倒也不足為奇 」。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/25/world/europe/italy-rome-potholes.html

2018-04-15聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 李京倫