Two Decades After 9/11, Militants Have Only Multiplied
911後反恐多年 恐怖分子反暴增
By Eric Schmitt

Nearly four times as many Sunni Islamic militants are operating around the world today as on Sept. 11, 2001, despite nearly two decades of U.S.-led campaigns to combat al-Qaida and the Islamic State, a new independent study concludes.
一項新的獨立研究獲致如下結論，儘管美國帶頭打擊凱達組織與伊斯蘭國近20年，目前在全球各地活動的遜尼派伊斯蘭武裝分子的數量，卻幾乎是2001年9月11日時的四倍。

That amounts to as many as 230,000 Salafi jihadi fighters in nearly 70 countries, with the largest numbers in Syria, Afghanistan and Pakistan, according to the study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think tank.
華府智庫戰略暨國際研究中心的這項研究顯示，目前計有多達23萬名薩拉菲派（伊斯蘭極端主義）聖戰士在全球近70個國家中，又以敘利亞、阿富汗與巴基斯坦最多。

The report’s conclusions, drawing on multiple databases dating to 1980 to compile one of the most extensive studies of its kind, underscore the resiliency of these terrorist groups, and the policy failures by the United States and its allies in responding. The findings also highlight the continuing potency of the groups’ ideology and social-media branding in raising money and attracting recruits as they pivot from battlefield defeats in strongholds like Iraq and Syria to direct guerrilla-style attacks there and in other hot spots.
這份報告利用溯自1980年的多個資料庫，彙編成同類型中最廣泛的研究報告之一，在結論中強調了這些恐怖主義團體的復原力（韌性），以及美國及其盟國在應對政策上的失敗，報告結論還強調這些組織在伊拉克和敘利亞等據點的戰場失利之後，已轉而在這些地方跟其他熱點指導展開游擊式攻擊，而在籌集資金和吸收新血方面，他們的意識形態和在社群媒體上建立的品牌持續發揮極大的作用。

“Some of these groups do want to target Americans overseas and at home, particularly the Islamic State and al-Qaida,” said Seth Jones, the director of the center’s transnational threats project and one of the report’s six authors. “All this indicates that terrorism is alive and well, and that Americans should be concerned.”
該中心跨國威脅項目主任、報告六位作者之一賽斯．瓊斯說：「其中一些團體的確想把目標鎖定在海內外美國人，尤其是伊斯蘭國和凱達組織。所有一切均顯示恐怖主義活得好好的，美國人應重視。」

Indeed, the West has largely failed to address the root causes of terrorism that perpetuate seemingly endless waves of fighters who are increasingly turning to armed drones, artificial intelligence and encrypted communications to foil the allies’ conventional military superiority, the report said.
報告稱，西方國家大體而言的確未能解決恐怖主義的根本原因，而此根源讓對方戰士一波波似乎永無止息地出現，他們日益轉向使用武裝無人機、人工智慧與加密通訊來化解盟軍的傳統軍事優勢。

“Perhaps the most important component of Western policy should be helping regimes that are facing terrorism improve governance and deal more effectively with economic, sectarian and other grievances,” the 71-page study concluded.
這份71頁的研究報告總結說：「也許西方政策最重要的組成部分，應該是幫助面臨恐怖主義的政權改善治理、更有效處理經濟、宗派及其他方面的不滿。」

For example, the report said, the slow pace of reconstruction in Iraqi cities like Ramadi, Fallujah and Mosul – once controlled by the Islamic State, also known as ISIS – has angered residents in those Sunni-majority areas and made them more susceptible to militant entreaties.
報告中舉例稱，曾被伊斯蘭國控制的拉馬迪、法魯賈與摩蘇爾等伊拉克城市重建步伐緩慢，激怒了這些遜尼派占多數地區的居民，讓他們更容易被激進的呼求打動。

The report also warns that withdrawing U.S. forces from Africa and the Middle East – as the Pentagon has started to do – could serve as a boon to these terrorist groups as the Trump administration shifts its national security priorities to confront threats from Russia, China, North Korea and Iran.
報告還警告說，在川普政府將國家安全重點轉向應對來自俄羅斯、中國、北韓與伊朗的威脅之際，從非洲與中東撤出美國軍隊（五角大廈已展開行動），可能讓這些恐怖團體乘機坐大。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/us/politics/terrorism-islamic-militants.html

2018-12-09 聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 陳韋廷

說文解字看新聞 陳韋廷

militant在新聞英文中屬高頻率單字，由代表「軍人的、戰爭的」意思字根milit-與名詞字尾-ant組成，指好戰分子、極端（激進）分子，武裝分子，亦為形容詞。類似組成單字還有militarism（軍國主義）與militia（民兵）等等。

此外，文中單字multiple與新聞標題單字multiply分別意指「多樣的、倍數的」及「增加、倍增」，前者為形容詞，後者是動詞，而multiply在數學則指「相乘」，如2 x 3 = 6的英文為two multiplied by three equals six，或用two times three equals six也可。

而動詞片語draw on在文中指的是「利用、憑藉」，其中介系詞也可用upon替代，涵義相同的片語還有rely on跟make use of。至於hot spot在英文中則多指容易發生危險、暴力的地方，比如hot spot of crime意指「犯罪熱點」，另外這個詞彙也延伸出熱門景點之意，例如旅遊熱點的英文則是hot spot of tourism。

Town Feared Giant Waves. Then Surfers Came
懼浪小漁村 變衝浪聖地
By Patrick Kingsley

At the market in the ancient fishing village of Nazaré, Portuguese pensioners shopped for their fruit and vegetables. Retired fishermen chatted over coffee. And a record-breaking American surfer sipped on a cucumber and celery smoothie.
在古老的納扎雷漁村的市場上，葡萄牙退休族購賣水果和蔬菜，退休的漁民喝著咖啡聊天，一名破紀錄的美國衝浪手則啜吸著小黃瓜芹菜冰沙。

It was Garrett McNamara, a 51-year-old from Hawaii who until recently held the world record for the highest wave ever surfed. And who, for most of his life, had never visited Europe and had to take some time to find Portugal on a map.
此君是51歲的夏威夷人蓋瑞特．麥克納馬拉，直到不久前仍是衝浪高度世界紀錄的保持人。他一生大部分時間沒到過歐洲，必須花些時間才能在地圖上找到葡萄牙。

“I never envisaged this,” said Mr. McNamara, who tended to surf in the Pacific Ocean. “Portugal was never a destination.”
喜歡在太平洋衝浪的麥克納馬拉說：「這我可從沒想到過。葡萄牙從來就不是我的目的地。」

For centuries, Nazaré was a traditional seaside town, where fishermen taught their children to avoid the huge waves that crashed against the nearby cliffs.
幾個世紀以來，納扎雷一直是個傳統的濱海小鎮，當地漁民都會教導孩子如何避開會衝擊附近懸崖的巨浪。

But over the past eight years, those same waves have turned the place into an unlikely draw for extreme surfers like Mr. McNamara, their fans and the global companies that sponsor the athletes.
但在過去這8年，同樣的海浪卻使這小鎮對麥克納馬拉這樣的極限衝浪者，他們的粉絲，以及贊助這些運動員的全球性企業，產生了不可思議的吸引力。

Tall as a 10-story building, the waves are caused by a submarine canyon – three miles deep, and 125 miles long – that abruptly ends just before the town’s shoreline.
這些浪有10層樓高，是由一條3英里深、125英里長， 綿延至該鎮海岸線前驟然而止的海底峽谷所造成。

When Mr. McNamara first saw the giant walls of water in 2010, “it was like finding the Holy Grail,” he said. “I’d found the elusive wave.”
麥克納馬拉先生說，2010年第一次看到巨大的水牆時，「就像找到了聖杯，我找到了夢寐以求的浪。」

Up in the town’s 17th-century fort, tourists now ogle surfboards in the same rooms where the marine police used to store confiscated fishing nets. Out in the bay, professional drivers are testing new jet-skis yards from where villagers dry fish on the beach. In the port, surfers rent warehouses next to where fishermen unload their catch.
在鎮上17世紀的堡壘裡，遊客們將衝浪板放在海警過去用來存放沒收漁網的房間內。而在海灣內，專業駕駛測試著新的水上摩托車，距海灘上村民曬魚處僅數碼之遙。衝浪者則在港口內緊鄰漁民卸貨處租了倉庫。

“It’s a very interesting mixture of history and tradition – and a surfing community,” said Maya Gabeira, who holds the record for the biggest wave ever surfed by a woman, achieved at Nazaré last January, and who has had a base in the town since 2015. “We’re not the predominant thing here.”
今年一月在納扎雷締造女子最高衝浪紀錄、自2015年起就在鎮上有個基地的瑪雅．加貝拉說：「這是歷史、傳統與衝浪界一個非常有趣的混合。我們並不是這裡的主宰。」

The dynamic constitutes a sea change for both the big-wave surfing world, whose members have historically gravitated toward the surf hubs of Hawaii and California, and the 10,000 villagers of Nazaré, who were used to having the place to themselves over the winter.
對於成員向來被夏威夷與加州衝浪中心所吸引的巨浪衝浪界，以及習慣在冬天把這地方留給自己的1萬納扎雷村民來說，這種發展都造成了巨大的變化。

The story of how it happened depends on who is telling it.
至於事情是如何發生的，說法就因人而異了。

For Dino Casimiro, a local sports teacher, the tale began in 2002, when he and a group of friends set up a club in 2002 to help popularize water sports among locals, and publicize Nazaré’s waves among foreigners.
對於在當地擔任體育老師的迪諾．卡西米羅而言，這個故事始於2002年，當時他跟一群朋友創立了一個俱樂部，向當地人推廣水上運動，並向外國人宣傳納扎雷的海浪。

For Jorge Barroso, the former mayor, the turning point was in 2007, when he first gave Mr. Casimiro permission to hold a water sports competition off the most northerly – and the most deadly – of the town’s two beaches.
前市長若澤．巴羅佐表示，轉捩點在2007年，當時他首度允許卡西米羅在鎮上兩個最北、最可能致命的海灘上舉行水上運動比賽。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/world/europe/nazare-portugal-surfing-big-waves.html

2018-12-09 聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 陳韋廷