Spooked by Russia, Tiny Estonia Trains a Nation of Insurgents
怕俄羅斯入侵 愛沙尼亞訓練游擊隊
By Andrew E. Kramer

Her face puffy from lack of sleep, Vivika Barnabas peered down at the springs, rods and other parts of a disassembled assault rifle spread before her.
薇薇卡．巴納巴斯的臉因為睡得不夠而腫脹，她凝視著散落眼前的彈簧、槍條等一把已拆解攻擊步槍的零件。

At last, midway through one of this country’s peculiar, grueling events known as patrol competitions, she had come upon an easy task.
她在愛沙尼亞這怪異又激烈的競賽過程中，總算碰到了個比較簡單的項目。這競賽叫做巡邏競賽。

Already, she and her three teammates had put out a fire, ridden a horse, identified medicinal herbs from the forest and played hide-and-seek with gun-wielding “enemies” in the woods at night.
她和三名隊友先前已經撲滅了一場火，騎過了馬，認出森林裡的藥草，並在夜晚的林中與帶槍的「敵軍」捉迷藏。

By comparison, this would be easy. She knelt in the crinkling, frost-covered grass of a forest clearing and grabbed at the rifle parts in a flurry of clicks and snaps, soon handing the assembled weapon to a referee.
相形之下這很簡單。她跪在林中空曠處這片起皺結霜的草地上，喀答喀答抓起步槍零件，很快就把組合好的步槍交給了裁判。

“We just have to stay alive,” Barnabas said of the main idea behind the Jarva District Patrol Competition, a 24-hour test of the skills useful for partisans, or insurgents, to fight an occupying army, and an improbably popular form of what is called “military sport” in Estonia.
「我們非保住老命不可。」巴納巴斯道出「嘉瓦區巡邏賽」的重點。這場24小時的比賽旨在測試游擊隊或反抗軍對抗占領軍的技巧，在愛沙尼亞被歸類為「軍事運動」的一種，不可思議地受歡迎。

The competitions, held nearly every weekend, are called war games, but are not intended as fun. The Estonian Defense League, which organizes the events, requires its 25,400 volunteers to turn out occasionally for weekend training sessions that have taken on a serious hue since Russia’s incursions in Ukraine two years ago raised fears of a similar thrust by Moscow into the Baltic States.
這種比賽幾乎每周末舉行，雖然稱為戰爭遊戲，卻不是用來作樂。舉辦單位「愛沙尼亞防衛聯盟」要求2萬5400名志願參與者不時接受周末訓練。自從兩年前俄國入侵烏克蘭，令人擔心俄國也會同樣入侵波羅的海三小國後，這種訓練就蒙上了實戰演練的意味。

Estonia, a NATO member with a population of 1.3 million people and a standing army of about 6,000, would not stand a chance in a conventional war with Russia. But two armies fighting on an open field is not Estonia’s plan, and was not even before Donald Trump, the Republican presidential candidate, said European members of NATO should not count on U.S. support unless they pay more alliance costs.
愛沙尼亞是北約成員國，人口130萬，常備軍6000人，與俄國打傳統戰爭不堪一擊。不過，愛沙尼亞並不打算讓兩軍在曠野中交戰，甚至在美國共和黨總統候選人川普說出那句話之前就如此。川普說，北約的歐洲成員國若不分擔更多成本，就不該指望美國保護。

Since the Ukraine war, Estonia has stepped up training for members of the Estonian Defense League, teaching them how to become insurgents, right down to the making of improvised explosive devices, or IEDs, the weapons that plagued the U.S. military in Iraq and Afghanistan. Another response to tensions with Russia is the expansion of a program encouraging Estonians to keep firearms in their homes.
自從烏克蘭戰爭爆發後，愛沙尼亞就加緊訓練愛沙尼亞防衛聯盟的成員，教他們如何變成反抗軍，甚至如何製造土製炸彈。土製炸彈曾在伊拉克與阿富汗讓美軍焦頭爛額。另一個因應與俄國緊張關係的方法是，擴大辦理鼓勵國民在家中存放槍械的方案。

The Jarva competition entailed a 25-mile hike and 21 specific tasks, such as answering questions of local trivia – to sort friend from foe – hiding in a bivouac deep in the woods and correctly identifying types of Russian armored vehicles.
嘉瓦比賽包含25英里（40公里）健行和21個明確的項目，如回答有關當地瑣事的問題以分辨敵友，躲在森林深處的露營地裡，以及正確辨認俄國裝甲車輛的種類。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/01/world/europe/spooked-by-russia-tiny-estonia-trains-a-nation-of-insurgents.html

2016-11-27．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 李京倫

說文解字看新聞 張佑生

本文介紹波羅的海（The Baltic Sea）的愛沙尼亞，因應鄰國俄羅斯的軍事威脅，全民皆兵。標題的spook指猛然一驚，通常引發劇烈反應。《時代》雜誌評論美國總統當選人川普處理外交政策我行我素，讓全球領導人很緊張：Trump’s cavalier approach to foreign policy had left world leaders spooked.可當名詞使用：The big spider gave me a spook.

Insurgent指叛亂分子，常用複數；insurgent group是叛亂團體。Insurgent造本國政府的反，愛沙尼亞反抗的卻是俄國。梅爾維爾（Herman Melville）名著《白鯨記》（Moby-Dick）中，狂人船長亞哈（Captain Ahab）面對船員醞釀抗命，舉槍喝令眾人立刻返回工作崗位：commanded the insurgents instantly to return to their duty.

政壇的非主流也可用這個字描述，《華盛頓郵報》稱川普是the insurgent president-elect，《華爾街日報》說他是a political insurgent。

主流或建制派勢力的英文是the establishment (forces)。

Museums, the New Social Media Darlings
博物館上社群媒體吸引年輕人
By Kerry Hannon

Talk about a mash-up. Perhaps the most ephemeral of social media channels, Snapchat, is being used to pair pop lyrics with images of centuries-old paintings or artifacts. The images last on a device for up to 10 seconds.
談談混搭。社群媒體管道中堪稱內容存在時間最短的Snapchat，目前被用來將流行音樂歌詞與數百年前畫作或藝品的圖像配對。這些圖像在裝置存留的時間最長10秒。

If it seems incongruous to juxtapose an ancient objet d’art with an image that disappears in a blink of an eye, that’s exactly what the Los Angeles County Museum of Art has been doing – to much fanfare. Last spring, its Snapchat account won a Webby Award, an internet honor from the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences, a judging body with more than 2,000 members.
如果古代藝術品與轉瞬即逝的圖像並列顯得不協調，這可正是洛杉磯郡立美術館一直在做的事，而且還大張旗鼓。該館的Snapchat帳戶去夏獲國際數位藝術與科學學院頒發網路獎項威比獎。該學院是有二千多成員的評審機構。

This emoji-oriented app, aimed at millennials and teenagers, is bringing a prominent collection front and center for a new generation. “Our strategy is to appeal to the younger audience to get the word out there about Lacma,” Lucy Redoglia, the museum’s social media manager, said, using the museum’s acronym. “These are people who may not be interested in art right away, but might find a connection through something that we post.”
這個應用程式以表情符號為導向、瞄準千禧世代跟十來歲青少年，正把一組重要的卓越收藏品帶到新世代面前。該館社群媒體經理露西．雷多利亞說：「我們的策略是吸引年輕觀眾，讓大家知道Lacma。這些人可能不會馬上對藝術感興趣，卻可能透過我們貼上的某些東西產生連結。」Lacma是這家美術館的字首縮寫。

Every museum wants a younger, more diverse audience, said JiaJia Fei, 29, digital director at the Jewish Museum in New York City: Social media has been a huge part of outreach and engagement as a tool of education.”
29歲的紐約市猶太博物館數位總監費佳佳表示，每間博物館都想要有有更年輕、更多樣化的觀眾。「社群媒體作為一項教育工具，在向外拓展與接觸方面一直具有極重的分量。」

“Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat are the primary way that people in my generation interact socially,” Fei said, so having a presence on the channels is important in reaching them.
費佳佳說，「Instagram、推特和Snapchat都是我們這一代人社交互動的主要工具」，因此出現在這些管道上對接觸這些觀眾就很重要。

Like those at the Los Angeles museum, in recent years social media managers at institutions around the world have been reaching out to audiences via witty posts on Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and Twitter. They’re delivering quirky, educated content to capture new audiences with short video gallery tours led by a curator or a guest on camera on Facebook Live, or via Instagram real-time feeds, Twitter chats and more.
就像洛杉磯美術館這些人一樣，全球各機構的社群媒體經理近年也一直在臉書、Instagram、Snapchat及推特貼上風趣的內容，以此接觸觀眾。他們提供奇特和有教育意義的內容，包括館長或是在相機上臉書直播訪客所帶領的畫廊導覽短片，或是透過Instagram的即時動態，Twitter聊天等方式。

The Los Angeles museum, however, may be the winner in seizing the imagination of a youthful demographic. It was the first major museum to join Snapchat, in 2014, and its profile has more than 220,000 followers and roughly 85,000 views per snap. Snapchat continues to skew young, with 46.8 percent of its users between the ages of 18 and 24 as of last December.
不過，洛杉磯美術館可能是這些機構中擄獲年輕人想像力的贏家。它是加入Snapchat的第一家重要博物館，加入時間為2014年，資料擁有超過22萬個關注者，每次快照則有8萬5000次左右的觀看量。Snapchat持續偏年輕化，去年12月時，46.8%用戶年齡在18到24歲之間。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/30/arts/design/museums-the-new-social-media-darlings.html

2016-11-27．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 陳韋廷