Tech Industry Is Combating Radicalization on the Net
打擊網路激進化 科技業相挺
By Farhad Manjoo

Law enforcement officials, technology companies and lawmakers have long tried to limit what they call the “radicalization” of young people over the internet.
長久以來，執法官員、科技公司及立法者一直設法對年輕人在網路上的「激進化」加以遏制。

The term has often been used to describe a specific kind of radicalization – that of young Muslim men who are inspired to take violent action by the online messages of Islamist groups like the Islamic State. But as it turns out, it isn’t just violent jihadists who benefit from the internet’s power to radicalize young people from afar.
這名詞常被用來描述一種特定的激進化，即穆斯林青年男性受到「伊斯蘭國」之類伊斯蘭教法派組織的網路訊息啟發，進而採取暴力行動的情形。事實證明，從網路遠距激化青年的力量獲益的，並非只有暴力聖戰士。

White supremacists are just as adept at it. Where the pre-internet Ku Klux Klan grew primarily from personal connections and word-of-mouth, today’s white supremacist groups have figured out a way to expertly use the internet to recruit and coordinate among a huge pool of potential racists. That became clear with the riots in Charlottesville, Virginia, which became a kind of watershed event for internet-addled racists.
白人至上主義者同樣長於此道。三K黨在網路出現前的成長，主要倚靠個人關係與口耳相傳，而現今的白人至上主義團體則想出一種方式，熟練地利用網路在為數極眾的潛在種族主義者間進行招募和協調，這現象因為發生在維吉尼亞州夏洛茲維爾市的暴亂而更為明顯，這個事件也成為被網路煽惑的種族主義者的一個轉捩點。

“It was very important for them to coordinate and become visible in public space,” said Joan Donovan, a scholar of media manipulation and right-wing extremism at Data & Society, an online research institute. “This was an attempt to say, ‘Let’s come out; let’s meet each other. Let’s build camaraderie, and let’s show people who we are.’“
網研機構「資料與社會」的媒體操控與右翼極端主義學者喬安．唐納文說：「對他們來說，在公共空間中協調與變得顯眼非常重要。這是試圖說『咱們出來吧；咱們相見吧。咱們建立友情並讓人們看看我們是誰』。」

Donovan and others who study how the internet shapes extremism said that even though Islamists and white nationalists have different views and motivations, there are broad similarities in how the two operate online – including how they spread their message, recruit and organize offline actions. The similarities suggest a kind of blueprint for a response – efforts that may work for limiting the reach of jihadists may also work for white supremacists, and vice versa.
研究網路如何形塑極端主義的唐納文與另一些人士表示，儘管伊斯蘭教法主義者跟白人民族主義者有著不同的觀點與動機，但他們在網路上的運作方式卻大有相似之處，包括他們是如何傳播訊息、招募成員及組織離線行動。這些相似之處也為反應的方式勾勒出藍圖，即對於遏制聖戰士的外展可能有效的行動，也可能適用於白人至上主義者，反之亦然。

In fact, that’s the battle plan. Several research groups in the United States and Europe now see the white supremacist and jihadi threats as two faces of the same coin. They’re working on methods to fight both, together – and slowly, they have come up with ideas for limiting how these groups recruit new members to their cause.
事實上，這正是作戰計畫。歐美數個研究團體目前把白人至上主義者與聖戰士的威脅視為一體的兩面。他們正努力找出同時打擊兩者的方法，而且漸次的，他們已經想出遏制這些團體招募新成員加入他們事業的點子。

Their ideas are grounded in a few truths about how extremist groups operate online, and how potential recruits respond.
他們這些點子的根據，是與極端主義團體如何在網路上運作，以及潛在新成員如何反應有關的一些事實。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/23/technology/a-hunt-for-ways-to-disrupt-the-work-of-online-radicalization.html

2017-09-17．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 陳韋廷

說文解字看新聞 陳韋廷

近年來社群媒體當道，這些原本為促進人們溝通的工具，如今卻成為有心人士散播極端內容、招募追隨者的溫床，為了阻斷極端思想的傳播，各國政府與網路公司正不斷加大網路反恐力道。

radicalization為一新聞英文熱門詞彙，衍生自動詞radicalize（使激進），形容詞則為radical（激進的），而自從恐怖組織「伊斯蘭國」崛起後，self-radicalization（自我激進化）或individual radicalization（個人激進化）更成為當代反恐研究主要課題，各國反恐當局紛紛苦思de-radicalization（去激進化）策略。

至於文中提到的白人至上主義及白人民族主義，區別在於前者是基於種族主義的極端意識形態，後者則屬比較偏向身份認同的信念，主張白人在政治、經濟及文化等領域上應占有優勢地位，而supremacist一字則由代表「超越」字首supr與表示「人」的名詞字尾ist組合而成。

此外，俚語word of mouth除意指口耳相傳外，還有「口碑」之意，例如好的口碑英文會說成positive word of mouth。

And She Lived Happily Ever After
許黛妃傳奇一個幸福結局
By Katherine Rosman

In a new novel called “Imagining Diana,” readers find Princess Diana having lunch in Midtown Manhattan at Michael’s, nodding hello to Barbara Walters on her way in, dressed in an Oscar de la Renta suit, sitting at Table 1, ordering the gravlax.
在「想像黛安娜」這部新小說中，讀者發現黛安娜王妃在曼哈坦中城的Michael’s餐廳用午餐，她身穿奧斯卡德拉倫塔的套裝，走進餐廳時向芭芭拉華特絲點頭打招呼，坐在1號桌，點了一道醃鮭魚。

Her date is Lois Shadley: a loudmouthed, four-Splendas-in-her-iced-tea literary agent who is pushing Diana to write a memoir, one that wouldn’t just be about the do-gooder stuff. One that would dish about the aftermath of the accident and whether it was true that her post-divorce friendship with Prince Charles was driving Camilla batty with jealousy. “I mean what I think would feel fresh – really come alive –is that this should begin on that terrible night in Paris,” the agent yapped.
她的約會對象是露易絲．夏德雷：一個大嗓門、在她的冰茶裡放四包「善品糖」（代糖品牌）的作家經紀人，正遊說黛安娜寫一本回憶錄，不只寫竭力行善那方面。這本回憶錄將娓娓道來那場意外之後的事，以及她離婚後與查理王子的友誼讓卡蜜拉嫉妒得抓狂是否屬實。這位經紀人叨叨不休地說：「我的意思是，我認為會感覺煥然一新，真的活過來，這要從巴黎那個可怕的夜晚開始。」

“I wanted it to be true and to reflect how complex a person she was,” said Diane Clehane, author of the novel published by Metabook to coincide with the 20th anniversary of Diana’s death and containing scenes such as those above. “I wasn’t interested in doing anything that was cheesy or tawdry.”
小說的作者黛安．克利安說：「我要它是真實的，反映她這個人有多複雜。我沒興趣寫老套或庸俗的東西。」小說由Metabook出版社出版，配合黛安娜逝世20周年，內容有類似上述的場景。

The novel imagines that Diana survived the car accident in Paris that killed her on Aug. 31, 1997, and then tells of the princess’s efforts to rebuild her life. “Since her death, she has become even more fascinating,” said Clehane.
小說想像黛安娜在1997年8月31日巴黎害死她的那場車禍中活了下來，接著敘述王妃如何努力重建生活。克利安說：「她去世之後更令人著迷。」

Diana was famous before the internet, famous before millions of iPhones began to capture every sneeze of every celebrity pushing her cart in a Whole Foods parking lot. To observe her, the public relied on paparazzi, printed magazines and newspapers of varying quality, and television. Biographers, including the longtime editor Tina Brown, have documented how Diana tried to shape all this coverage by making herself selectively available and self-revelatory.
黛安娜成名於網際網路出現之前，成名於幾百萬支iPhone開始捕捉每個名人在全食超市停車場推著購物車打的每個噴嚏之前。為了觀察她，人們靠的是狗仔、紙本雜誌和各種品質的報紙，以及電視。傳記作家，包括資深編輯蒂娜．布朗，已記錄下黛安娜如何藉由選擇性受訪和自我透露來塑造所有這些報導。

“She was the first global celebrity because she was authentic,” said Hilary Black, editor of National Geographic’s new book “Remembering Diana: A Life in Photographs” (whose foreword was written by Brown). “Once she realized she could master the media, she took a feminist stance and told her story the way she wanted to tell it.”
國家地理雜誌新書「懷念黛安娜：照片裡的生活」（前言是布朗寫的）的編輯希拉蕊．布拉克說：「她是第一個世界級名流，因為她是真實的。在她明白她可以操控媒體之後，她站在女性主義的立場，用她想要的方式說她的故事。」

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/19/style/princess-diana-death.html

2017-09-17．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 田思怡