The BBC in Pidgin? People Like It Well-Well
BBC用西非洋涇濱？ 人們喜歡
By Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura

The headline on the article, published on the BBC’s website, reads like this: “Woman wan troway poo-poo, come trap for window.”
英國廣播公司（BBC）網站刊出的文章頭條寫道：「女人欲丟糞，受困窗戶」。

The piece, written in a form of West African Pidgin English, tells the story of a Tinder date gone horribly wrong: A woman in Britain found herself in a deeply embarrassing bind when the toilet in her date’s apartment would not flush and she tried to throw the “evidence” (“di poo-poo”) out the window.
這篇以西非洋涇濱英語寫成的文章，講述一場變調的（交友軟體）Tinder約會：一位英國婦女在約會對象的公寓裡大恭，未料馬桶無法沖水，她試圖將「證據」（那坨屎）扔出窗外，卻尷尬地受困窗櫺。

The offbeat anecdote tickled readers, not only for the story itself but even more so for its rendition in West African Pidgin English, an informal language that dates from the slave trade and that mixes English with West African languages. It was, according to the British tabloid The Sun, a “hilariously fresh take” on the date-from-hell story.
這段非傳統的軼事戳中讀者笑點，不僅因為文章本身有趣，更因為是透過西非洋涇濱英語傳達。西非洋涇濱英語是一種可追溯至奴隸買賣時期、融合英語及西非語文的語言。英國小開型日報「太陽報」形容，這是地獄約會故事「滑稽的重新演繹」。

The “poo-poo” article, as it became known, was one of the most popular by the British broadcaster’s renowned World Service, which recently added a dozen foreign language websites to its roster as part of efforts to capture a younger, more diverse and digitally savvy audience.
這篇故事以「便便」之名傳開，成為BBC知名國際頻道最熱門文章之一，該頻道最近新增了十多種外國語言網站，以吸引更年輕、更多元且熟悉數位的閱聽眾。

The expansion, the BBC’s biggest since the 1940s, was funded by a British government grant of about 290 million pounds, or $380 million. In addition to West African Pidgin English, the service now delivers news in Afaan Oromo, Amharic, Tigrinya (languages spoken in Ethiopia, Eritrea and other parts of Africa); and in Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi and Telugu (spoken in India), among others.
此次擴張是BBC自1940年代以來規模最大的一次，由英國政府贊助約2億9000萬英鎊，也就是3億8000萬美元（約合台幣114億元）。除了西非洋涇濱英語之外，國際頻道也呈現奧羅莫語、阿姆哈拉語、（衣索比亞、厄利垂亞等非洲部分地區使用的）提格利尼亞語，以及（在印度使用的）古吉拉特語、旁遮普語和泰盧固語等。

The BBC also has a website in Korean, and it broadcasts radio programs in Korean that can reach the reclusive state of North Korea, bringing the total number of languages it uses to more than 40. The media organization says it aims to reach 500 million people by its centenary in 2022, about twice the current figure.
BBC還有一個韓文網站，並以韓語播出多個廣播節目，就連與世隔絕的國家北韓都收聽得到，這讓BBC所用語言數量超過40種。這個媒體機構表示，希望在BBC創立一百周年的2022年前，讓閱聽數達到5億人次，約是目前的兩倍。

While Pidgin is looked down upon by some, the word itself is not derogatory. More than 75 million people are thought to speak the language, either as their primary or secondary tongue.
雖有人看不起洋涇濱，但這個字本身並沒有貶義。超過7500萬人在說這類語言，當成主要語言或第二語言。

說文解字看新聞 陳韻涵

洋涇濱（pidgin）最初指16世紀到19世紀初，歐洲人與非歐洲人在歐洲以外地區偶然有限接觸而發展出的一種語言，而這種語言往往用於貿易活動、植栽農耕和礦業。簡單來說，說不同語言的兩群人相處久了，發展出語音及語法都不道地的語言，就是洋涇濱。不會有人以洋涇濱為「母語」，因為洋涇濱是不同語言族群接觸所發展出的語言學習現象，且各語言族群仍保有母語。

洋涇濱有「通用語」（Lingua franca）的作用，又不是「地方話」（vernacular）。通用語是跨語言族群間用來溝通的共同語言，而地方話則被定義為非商業性質的日常用語。

以「中文洋涇濱英語」（Chinese Pidgin English）為例，它是17世紀清朝中國人與英國商人間的交易用語，最早出現在廣州，隨後傳播到上海等貿易中心。雖然部分學者認為，中文的洋涇濱英語是以16世紀晚期在澳門使用的葡萄牙洋涇濱為基礎，但在英國人1664年在廣東建立第一個貿易據點後，葡萄牙的影響式微。另有一說「洋涇濱」（pidgin）為粵語對「生意」（business）英文發音的訛傳，顯見中文洋涇濱英語與貿易關係密切。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/world/africa/bbc-pidgin.html

2018-01-28．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 陳韻涵

Afraid of Falling? For Older Adults, the Dutch Have a Cure
荷蘭老人上課 學習如何跌倒
By Christopher F. Schuetze

The shouts of schoolchildren playing outside echoed through the gymnasium where an obstacle course was being set up.
戶外學童玩耍的喧鬧聲在整個體育館裡迴盪，這兒設了一個障礙訓練場。

There was the “Belgian sidewalk,” a wooden contraption designed to simulate loose tiles; a “sloping slope,” ramps angled at an ankle-unfriendly 45 degrees; and others like “the slalom” and “the pirouette.”
這裡有「比利時人行道」，一種模擬鬆動地磚的新奇木頭裝置；「傾斜的斜坡」，坡道擺放成讓腳踝不舒服的45度角；還有其他裝置如「障礙滑雪」和「芭蕾舞豎趾旋轉」等。

They were not for the children, though, but for a class where the students ranged in age from 65 to 94. The obstacle course was clinically devised to teach them how to navigate treacherous ground without having to worry about falling, and how to fall if they did.
不過這些不是給小孩玩的，而是給一個學生年齡介於65到94歲的班級使用。障礙訓練場的設計經過臨床測試，旨在教導他們如何通過危險的地面而不必擔心跌倒，以及萬一跌倒了該用什麼姿勢跌倒。

“It’s not a bad thing to be afraid of falling, but it puts you at higher risk of falling,” said Diedeke van Wijk, a physiotherapist who runs WIJKfysio and teaches the course three times a year in Leusden, a bedroom community just outside Amersfoort, in the center of the country.
物理治療師蒂蒂克．范懷克說：「害怕跌倒不是壞事，不過這會讓你更容易跌倒。」她經營WIJKfysio物理治療中心，每年在荷蘭中部阿默斯福特市的市郊住宅區樓斯登開三次這種課程。

The Dutch, like many elsewhere, are living longer than in previous generations, often alone. As they do, courses that teach them not only how to avoid falling, but how to fall correctly, are gaining popularity.
荷蘭人就像許多其他地方的人一樣，活得比先前世代久，而且往往獨居。這類不只教導他們防跌、還傳授如何正確跌倒的課程，也因而越來越受歡迎。

This one, called Vallen Verleden Tijd course, roughly translates as “Falling is in the past.” Hundreds of similar courses are taught by registered physio- and occupational therapists across the Netherlands.
這次課程的名稱大致可譯為「讓跌倒成為過去」。數以百計的類似課程在全荷蘭各地由有執業登記的物理／職能治療師教授。

Yet falling courses – especially clinically tested ones – are a fairly recent phenomenon, according to Richard de Ruiter, of the Sint Maartenskliniek in Nijmegen, the foundation hospital that developed this particular course.
不過，開發這種特殊課程的創始醫院「聖馬丁醫院」的德萊特說，防跌課程，尤其是經過臨床試驗的，是一種最近才出現的現象。醫院位於荷蘭東部奈美根市。

Virtually unheard-of just a decade ago, the courses are now common enough that the government rates them. Certain forms of Dutch health insurance even cover part of the costs.
這種課程就在十年前還幾乎沒人聽過，如今卻普遍到政府為課程評定等級。荷蘭某些種類的健康保險甚至還給付課程的部分學費。

While the students are older, not all of them seemed particularly frail. Herman van Lovink, 88, arrived on his bike. So did Annie Houtveen, 75. But some arrived with walkers and canes, and others were carefully guided by relatives.
雖然學生年紀比較大，但不是所有人看起來都很虛弱。88歲的范洛明就騎著自行車來。75歲的安妮．郝文也是。不過也有人拿著助行器和拐杖來，另有些人則由家屬小心帶路。

Falling can be a serious thing for older adults. Aging causes the bones to become brittle, and broken ones do not heal as readily.
跌倒對老人而言後果可能會很嚴重。老化讓骨質變脆弱，而且骨折沒那麼容易康復。

Today, 18.5 percent of the Dutch population – roughly 3.2 million people – is 65 or older, according to official statistics. In 1950, about the time some of the younger course participants were born, people 65 or older made up just 7.7 percent of the population.
官方統計顯示，目前荷蘭65歲以上人口占18.5%，約320萬人。1950年，大約是參加防跌課程的年紀較輕學生出生時，65歲以上人口僅占7.7%。

Across the Netherlands, 3,884 people 65 or older died as result of a fall in 2016, a 38 percent increase from two years earlier.
2016年，全荷蘭各地共有3884名65歲以上長者死於跌倒，比兩年前增加38%。

Experts say the rise in fatalities reflects the overall aging of the population, and also factors such as the growing use of certain medications or general inactivity.
專家指出，跌倒致死率攀升，反映整體人口老化，以及某些種類藥品使用率增加、人們普遍運動不足等因素。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/02/world/europe/netherlands-falling-elderly.html

2018-01-28．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 李京倫