In Canada, Unraveling Centuries of Indigenous Land Claims
加拿大處理原住民土地聲索難題 令人沮喪的龜速
By Ian Austen

Whenever Prime Minister Justin Trudeau or his Cabinet ministers speak in certain parts of Ontario or Quebec, they begin by acknowledging they are on “unceded Algonquin territory.”
每當總理賈斯汀．杜魯多或他的內閣部長在安大略或魁北克省的特定地方發表演說時，都會以承認他們是站在「未讓渡的阿岡昆領土上」開場。

That recognition is just one of the ways Trudeau’s government has been trying to signal a top priority: righting the wrongs Canada has done to indigenous people, especially over land that aboriginals say was taken from them unjustly.
如此承認只是杜魯多政府試圖表明其第一優先要務的途徑之一，這要務則是導正加拿大對原住民所做的錯事，特別是針對原住民聲稱被以不公平方式奪走的土地。

But finding common ground on this issue has proved to be one of Trudeau’s most difficult policy initiatives, and critics say efforts to resolve the land disputes have bogged down. But both sides agree on the importance of sorting out the claims.
在這議題上尋求共識已證明是杜魯多最棘手的政策舉措之一，且批評者指出，解決土地紛爭的努力已陷入困境。不過，雙方都認同解決土地聲索問題的重要性。

“The process of negotiating land claims should be an absolute pillar of reconciliation,” said Ken Coates, a historian at the University of Saskatchewan who studies treaties and is a consultant to indigenous groups. “This is our chance to get it right and if we don’t – boy, when will we get the chance again?”
薩斯喀徹溫大學歷史學家肯恩．柯茨對條約有深入研究且是原住民團體的顧問，他說：「談判土地聲索的過程應該成為雙方和解的絕對支柱。這是我們導正錯誤的機會，若不這樣做，天哪，不知何時還有機會？ 」

Of the many issues dividing Canada’s federal and provincial governments from its indigenous people, land claims are among the most symbolically important and economically consequential, often involving vast amounts of territory.
在造成加拿大聯邦政府、省級政府與原住民間隔閡的諸多問題中 ，土地聲索是最具象徵意義與經濟重要性者之一，經常事關極大量的領土。

Some claims involve hundreds of millions of dollars, and tribes are often interested in controlling the land at issue, by, for example, having a say over logging, oil exploration and mining.
有些土地聲索涉及數億美元，部落往往對擁有這些爭議土地的控制權感興趣，例如在伐木、探油和開礦上享有發言權。

One claim by various Algonquin groups involves the 8.9 million acres of the Ottawa watershed – which includes Canada’s Parliament buildings and Supreme Court. The government thought it had settled that claim in principle a year ago, but it has ended up in litigation anyway.
各阿岡昆族群共同提出的聲索之一，是渥太華流域的890萬英畝土地，其上有加拿大國會大廈和最高法院。 政府認為1年前原則上已解決了這項聲索，不過到頭來還是成了對簿公堂。

The claims are legally thorny, often requiring historians, archaeologists, geographers and geologists to give evidence sometimes stretching back before recorded history to support, or challenge, them.
這些聲索在法律上相當棘手，經常需要歷史學家、考古學家、地理學家和地質學家提供證據，有時還必須回溯到有文字可考歷史之前，以支撐或挑戰這些聲索。

In some regions, land may have been occupied by different indigenous groups at different times, even changing hands after battles that were unrecorded. These groups may all assert rights, and claims can overlap.
在部分地區，土地可能被不同的原住民族群在不同的時間占據過，甚至曾在戰爭後易手而沒有留下紀錄。這些族群可能都提出主權聲索，而且可能彼此重疊。

Then there is the problem of treaties. Some indigenous groups, like the Algonquins, never signed treaties giving up their land. The government says it is talking with about 140 indigenous groups in that situation.
接著還有條約問題。一些原住民族群如阿岡昆人，從未簽署過放棄他們土地的條約。 政府表示他們正與處於這種狀況下的約140個原住民族群進行談判。

Others did sign treaties, and a government tribunal that deals with treaty disputes has 72 cases and is so overwhelmed that it cannot estimate how long it will take to resolve them.
其他族群確實簽署了條約，處理條約爭端的1個政府法庭手上有72個案件，案件多到不堪負荷，難以估計要多久才能解決。

The result is that settlement negotiations occur at a frustratingly slow pace.
結果則是，和解談判是以令人沮喪的龜速進行。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/12/world/canada/canada-first-nations-algonquin-land-claims.html

2017-12-03．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 王麗娟

說文解字看新聞 王麗娟

加拿大原住民聲稱（claim）他們的土地遭到不法奪走，因此透過法律途徑聲索（claim），這些土地聲索（land claim）有許多尚在對簿公堂中。claim意為聲稱時，與say的意義較接近， 如 He claimed that it was all a conspiracy against him.（他聲稱這一切都是為了對付他的一項陰謀。）claim意為聲索時，則與request（要求）意義接近，如The old man claimed the land.（這名老人（根據他的權利）要求得到這塊土地。）

當損失出現時，claim可當名詞或動詞用，意為「索賠」，如 a claim on delayed shipment.（因賣方未能按時出貨而索賠。）He claimed a casualty loss for the car.（他為汽車的意外損失提出索賠。）

A Fresh Take on a 1934 ‘Murder’
克莉絲蒂經典偵探小說 「東方快車謀殺案」重拍
By Roslyn Sulcas

A gruesome murder has been committed on a train in the middle of the night. Only 13 occupants of the carriage could have committed the dastardly deed. Was it a) the Russian princess; b) the American widow; c) the English governess; or d) the Hungarian count? Or any of the nine other multinational posh people and their servants rubbing shoulders on the luxury locomotive, snowbound in the middle of Eastern Europe, with a brilliant Belgian detective inconveniently in their midst?
一宗可怕的謀殺案在夜半的火車上發生。只有13名旅客可能犯下這惡行。是a) 俄羅斯公主；b) 美國寡婦；c) 英國女家教；或d) 匈牙利伯爵呢？抑或是其他9位來自各國的紳士淑女和他們的僕人，眾人在受困東歐中部大雪的豪華火車車廂裡摩肩擦踵，這其中還碰巧有個厲害的比利時偵探？

Chances are this sounds familiar. It’s the setup for one of the most famous detective stories in the world: Agatha Christie’s 1934 novel “Murder on the Orient Express,” which has sold millions of copies. It was made into a sumptuous 1974 movie, directed by Sidney Lumet with the starriest of casts (Lauren Bacall, Sean Connery, Ingrid Bergman!). It has been adapted for television, stage and radio. There is a Japanese television version and a computer game.
這聽起來或許耳熟能詳。這是全球最著名偵探小說之一的場景：阿嘉莎．克莉絲蒂1934年的小說「東方快車謀殺案」，銷售數以百萬本計。導演薛尼·盧梅1974年翻拍成豪華版電影，有最耀眼的明星陣容（洛琳·白考兒、史恩·康納萊、英格麗·褒曼！），另並改編成電視劇、舞台劇和廣播劇，且有日本電視劇版本和一款電玩遊戲。

All this meant that Kenneth Branagh, the director and star of the new film version, which opened in the United States on Friday with the starriest of casts (Johnny Depp, Michelle Pfeiffer, Penélope Cruz, Judi Dench!), had his own mystery to solve. How do you reinvent one of the world’s best-loved whodunits for a new era? Branagh’s solution was to modify, and sometimes entirely change, character and plot details in ways that may dismay purists but that he felt would give the piece a more contemporary resonance.
這意味最新版本電影的導演兼主角肯尼斯·布萊納必須拿出一套解開謎團的獨到功夫，新片11月11日在美國上映，仍然有最耀眼的卡司（強尼·戴普、蜜雪兒·菲佛、潘妮洛普·克魯茲、茱蒂·丹契！）你要如何在新的世代詮釋最受世人喜愛的偵探小說呢？布萊納的方法是把角色與劇情細節進行修飾，時而甚至完全予以改變，這麼做或許會令純粹主義者沮喪，他卻覺得更能讓作品引起當代人的共鳴。

“There is always the thorny issue of who will know the plot and how can we divert them,” Branagh said in a telephone interview. “We knew we had to get people’s attention for a recalibrated character in Poirot,” Christie’s idiosyncratic Belgian detective.
布萊納接受電話訪問時說：「總會碰到有些人已經知道劇情，你該如何轉移他們的注意力，讓他們覺得有趣的棘手問題。我們知道，我們必須吸引人們注意經過修改的角色白羅（克莉絲蒂創造的怪異的比利時偵探）。」

To that end, Branagh and the scriptwriter, Michael Green, begin the movie with a showdown at the Western Wall in Jerusalem, as the detective solves another mystery. “I wanted to embrace the exotic and worldly side of Christie, to come into the big, hot open skies and find a new Poirot, our ticket for an exotic adventure,” Branagh said.
為達此目的，布萊納與編劇麥可·格林以偵探在耶路撒冷西牆解開一個對決謎團的方式，揭開電影序幕。布萊納說：「我想擁抱克莉絲蒂奇異與入世的一面，進入那既大又熱的開放天空，找到一個新的白羅，這是我們奇異冒險的門票。」

With an opening that has Poirot tripping up an escaping villain in a positively James Bond-esque manner, Branagh immediately established the detective as a far more dashing man of action than the novel’s small hero “muffled up to the ears of whom nothing was visible but a pink-tipped nose and the two points of an upward curled mustache.”
這個開場讓白羅以絕對詹姆士·龐德的方式逼逃犯露出馬腳，布萊納也立刻將這位偵探塑造成遠比原著中小號英雄瀟灑的行動派男子漢；原著中的小號英雄「衣服直蓋到耳朵，除了一個粉紅鼻子，以及上捲的兩綹髭鬚，什麼都看不見」。

原文參照：
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/movies/so-many-suspects-but-we-know-the-director-did-it.html

Video：A preview of the film.
https://nyti.ms/2iWzTNK

2017-12-03．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析 陳韻涵