More Jobs, but Not for Everyone
分配不均 全球化引起反彈
By Peter S. Goodman

For as long as ships have ventured across water, laborers like Patrick Duijzers have tied their fortunes to trade.
打從有航運以來，像派屈克．杜澤斯這樣的勞工便一直將命運和貿易掛鉤。

A longshoreman here at Europe’s largest port, his black Jack Daniels T-shirt, hoop earrings and copious rings give Duijzers the look of a bohemian pirate. His wages put him solidly in the Dutch middle class: He has earned enough to buy an apartment while enjoying vacations to Spain.
杜澤斯是這個歐洲最大港口（鹿特丹）的碼頭搬運工，身上的黑傑克．丹尼爾斯T恤、環狀耳環，和手上多枚的戒指，讓他看來像個波西米亞海盜。他的工資讓他在荷蘭穩居中產階級，攢的錢夠他買下一間公寓，還能夠去西班牙度假。

Lately, though, Duijzers has come to see global trade as a malevolent force. His employer – a unit of the Maersk Group, the Danish shipping conglomerate – is locked in a fiercely competitive battle with giants scattered from Dubai to South Korea.
不過，最近，杜澤斯開始將全球貿易視為邪惡的力量。他的雇主，丹麥航運集團快桅集團的子公司，和從杜拜到南韓的一些巨型公司，正陷入一場激烈的競爭。

He sees trucking companies replacing Dutch drivers with immigrants from Eastern Europe. He bids farewell to older co-workers reluctantly taking early retirement as robots capture their jobs. Over the last three decades, the ranks of his union have dwindled to about 7,000 members, from 25,000.
他目睹貨運公司以東歐移工取代荷蘭司機。他和一些年紀較長的同事道別，他們心有未甘地同意提前退休，因為機器人取代了他們的工作。過去30年，他所屬工會的成員從2萬5000人銳減至7000人左右。

“More global trade is a good thing if we get a piece of the cake,” Duijzers said. “But that’s the problem. We’re not getting our piece of the cake.”
杜澤斯表示：「全球貿易增多是一件好事，要是我們真能分一杯羹。但這正是問題所在。我們沒有分到我們的那杯羹。」

Far beyond the docks of the North Sea, such laments now resonate as the soundtrack for an increasingly vigorous rejection of free trade.
在遠離北海這些碼頭的地方，這種悲歌如今就像聲道般發出共鳴，反對自由貿易的聲浪正日益激烈。

For generations, libraries full of economics textbooks have rightly promised that global trade expands national wealth by lowering the price of goods, lifting wages and amplifying growth. The powers that emerged victorious from World War II championed globalization as the antidote to future conflicts. From Asia to Europe to North America, governments of every ideological persuasion have focused on trade as their guiding economic force.
數個世代以來，充斥著經濟學教科書的圖書館名正言順地承諾，全球貿易將藉由降低商品價格、提高工資、增進成長，達成擴張國家財富的目的。從二戰勝利崛起的強權國家倡議推動全球化，稱它為未來衝突的解藥。從亞洲到歐洲再到北美，任何一種意識形態理念的政府全都聚焦於貿易，視之為主導經濟的力量。

But trade comes with no assurances that the spoils will be shared equitably. Across much of the industrialized world, an outsize share of the winnings have been harvested by people with advanced degrees, stock options and the need for accountants. Ordinary laborers have borne the costs, suffering joblessness and deepening economic anxiety.
然而貿易並未保證所有戰利品將公平分享。在工業化世界的頗大部分地區，大多數的戰利品全成了擁有高學歷、股票選擇權 以及需要會計師的人的囊中物。一般勞工擔負了其中的成本，嘗到失業之苦，並且承受不斷加重的經濟焦慮。

These costs have proved overwhelming in communities that depend on industry for sustenance, vastly exceeding what economists anticipated. Policymakers under the thrall of neo-liberal economic philosophy put stock in the notion that markets could be entrusted to bolster social welfare.
這些成本在仰賴產業存活的社區中，已高至令人難以承受，遠超過經濟學家的預期。受到新自由主義經濟理念束縛的決策者深信，可以仰賴市場去支撐社會福利。

In doing so, they failed to plan for the trauma that has accompanied the benefits of trade. When millions of workers lost paychecks to foreign competition, they lacked government supports to cushion the blow. As a result, seething anger is upending politics from Europe to North America.
在此過程之中，他們並沒有為伴隨貿易利益而來的創傷擬好對策。當數百萬工人在外國競爭下失去工資時，他們缺乏政府的支持，以減輕打擊。結果是，沸騰的怒火正在顛覆從歐洲到北美的政治。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/business/economy/more-wealth-more-jobs-but-not-for-everyone-what-fuels-the-backlash-on-trade.html

2016-10-23．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析．王麗娟譯

說文解字看新聞 張佑生

本文討論的主題「全球化」（globalization），指日益整合的全球經濟，特徵是自由貿易（free trade）、資本的自由流動（free flow of capital）以及成本較為低廉的海外勞動市場（the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets）。

經濟學教科書勾勒全球化的美麗願景，包括物價降低、工資調漲；問題是成果（the spoils）並未均霑（be shared equitably），有些人分得特別多（an outsize share of the winnings）。

一般勞工認為自己連應得的份（a piece of the cake）都拿不到，可用slice/share替換piece，cake可換成pie。請注意與a piece of cake（易如反掌）的差別。作者用三個特徵描述便宜占盡者，三個苦果形容一般勞工，這種寫法除了對稱，讀來更鏗鏘有力。

「新自由主義經濟學」源自古典自由主義經濟學，主張自由競爭、自由貿易、市場化及全球化，反對任何形式的國家干預，結果是勞工深受其害。反全球化及現有政經體制的沸騰民怨（seething anger）在歐美蔓延，美國共和黨總統候選人川普是趁勢而起的代表人物。

A Tradition of Finding Treasures in the Trash
在垃圾中尋寶的紐約傳統
By Sarah Maslin Nir

It was an odd side story to the bombing in New York last month: Two passers-by spotted a bag on West 27th Street in Chelsea, opened it, removed the pressure cooker inside and took the bag with them. In doing so, the authorities have said, they may have defused a second bomb.
上個月紐約發生的爆炸案有個奇特的花絮：兩名路人在切爾西的西27街發現一個袋子，打開後，取出裡面的壓力鍋，拿走了袋子。當局說，他們可能因為這麼做而拆除了第二枚炸彈的引信。

The two men simply liked the bag they happened upon, according to officials for EgyptAir, where the men, who were visiting New York, worked as in-flight security guards.
埃及航空公司的官員說，這兩名男子只是喜歡他們偶然發現的這個袋子。這兩人是埃航的空安（座艙安全人員），當時在紐約旅遊。

“You know, we see things left on the street in New York all the time,” one of the officials said. “Stuff no one wants. It’s normal to take them.” The officials spoke on the condition of anonymity because they were not permitted to publicly discuss the matter.
其中一名官員說：「如你所知，在紐約我們老看到有人把東西丟在街道上。沒人要的東西。把它帶走很正常。」這些官員要求匿名，因為他們並未獲准討論此事。

Indeed, there is little unusual here about what the men, identified as Hassan Ali and Abou Bakr Radwan by the airline officials, did with the bag. New Yorkers have long scooped up finds off the pavement.
這兩名男性經航空公司指認是哈桑．阿里和阿布．巴克．拉德萬。沒錯，他們拿走袋子稱不上不尋常。紐約人早就習慣在街道上尋寶。

The streets have given Wendy Blake a Persian lamb jacket, a cat-scratching post and, recently, a “perfectly good salad” bowl from Ikea. “Free stuff, there is something really compelling about it,” said Blake, a writer who lived and hunted for free goods in Brooklyn for 30 years before moving upstate. “Maybe because the city is so expensive.”
這些街道給了溫蒂．布雷克一件波斯羔羊皮外套，1個貓咪蹭癢的柱子，最近，是「宜家家居」販賣的一只「完美沙拉」碗。布雷克說：「免費的東西，真的有種讓人非拿不可的吸引力。」布雷克是位作家，她在布魯克林居住和尋找免費的東西30年後，才遷居紐約上州。她說：「或許是因這個城市物價高不可攀。」

The bag containing the pressure cooker may have been a Louis Vuitton knockoff, officials at the FBI have said. “I get it,” Blake said.
聯邦調查局官員說，裝著壓力鍋的袋子可能是個路易威登的山寨貨。布雷克說：「我能理解。」

For legions of New Yorkers, items on the curb – furniture, paintings, appliances and bags – have long seemed fair game. Yet those items should be left to trash carters like the Sanitation Department, according to the city’s administrative code. This, plus the dicey situation into which the two EgyptAir employees unwittingly stepped, should make people think twice about taking trash, said City Councilman Antonio Reynoso, who is chairman of the committee on sanitation and solid waste management.
對紐約客大軍而言，路邊的東西－家具、畫作、家電用品和袋子－一直被認為是可以拿的。但根據紐約市的行政規定，這些物件理應留給衛生局等清潔單位處理。市議員安東尼奧．雷諾索是衛生和固體廢物管理委員會主席，他說。這一點，以及埃航兩名員工不知不覺中涉入的險境，都應該讓人們在撿垃圾前三思。

“We might have gotten lucky here, as it seems that the actions could have assisted in disarming the bomb,” Reynoso said on Sunday. “But this just further strengthens the case not to take anything off the sidewalk.”
雷諾索說：「這一次我們可能交到好運，因為他們的行為似乎有助拆除這枚炸彈，但它也更加證明，不該取走人行道上的任何東西。」

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/03/nyregion/men-who-found-bomb-were-following-a-new-york-tradition.html

2016-10-23．聯合報．D4．紐約時報賞析．王麗娟譯