Japan Consortium Misses Out on $38.5 Billion Australian Submarine Deal
By JONATHAN SOBLE

TOKYO — In a blow to Japan’s arms export ambitions, Australia chose a French company on Tuesday to supply a dozen attack submarines for its navy, rejecting a bid from a Japanese consortium that had been seen as the front-runner.

The deal, worth 50 billion Australian dollars, or $38.5 billion, is one of the biggest-ever defense contracts in the Asia-Pacific region. And for a while, conditions seemed to be lining up just right for the Japanese, who were looking to put their little-known submarine industry on the global map.

Japan and Australia, both island nations, rely on submarines for defense. Japan is adept at making the type of quiet-running, diesel-powered vessels the Australians sought. And just two years ago, Japan lifted a self-imposed ban on weapons exports that it had maintained since the end of World War II.

Japanese and Australian leaders, meanwhile — mutually concerned about the growing military might of China — have been touting closer military ties. In 2014, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan and Tony Abbott, then the prime minister of Australia, signed a defense cooperation agreement that many saw as paving the way for a submarine sale.

So Australia’s choice of the French company, DCNS, over the Japanese manufacturers Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Kawasaki Shipbuilding was more than a business setback for Japan. A win for Mitsubishi and Kawasaki would not just have secured the first export by Japan of a major weapon system. It would also have been a turning point for Japan’s broader defense policy, which has been mostly inward-looking since its wartime defeat more than 70 years ago.

The conservative Mr. Abe has been trying to change that by loosening decades-old legal restrictions that have prevented the Japanese military from engaging in combat missions abroad, as well as by lifting the ban on arms exports.

“The French offer represented the capabilities best able to meet Australia’s unique needs,” Malcolm Turnbull, the current Australian prime minister, said in announcing the decision in Adelaide, where the vessels will be built. “This is securing the future of Australia’s navy over decades to come.”

The French-designed submarines will eventually replace Australia’s fleet of Collins-class submarines, which were built in the early 1990s, also in Australia, based on a Swedish design. The French vessels are expected to enter service in the early 2030s.

In an accompanying written statement, Mr. Turnbull and Defense Minister Marise Payne said the French submarines offered “superior sensor performance and stealth characteristics, as well as range and endurance similar to the Collins-class submarine.” Other considerations were “schedule, program execution, through-life support and Australian industry involvement.”

A post-mortem had already begun in Japan over the failure of the joint Mitsubishi-Kawasaki bid, after leaks to the news media in Australia in recent weeks suggesting the government in Canberra was cooling on the Soryu-class submarine being offered by the two companies. They were proposing to sell the Australians an enlarged version of the 4,200-ton Soryu, which is powered by a combination of advanced diesel engines and lithium-ion batteries.

Mitsubishi and Kawasaki have built eight of the submarines for the Japanese Navy, the Maritime Self-Defense Forces, and have orders for 12 more. But they have never orchestrated this sort of multinational building project, with assembly taking place in a foreign shipyard — a requirement of the Australian bid.

Gen Nakatani, the Japanese defense minister, said he was “very disappointed” and would seek a detailed explanation from Australia for its choice. He added that Australia would remain “a special strategic partner.”

The Japanese companies have struggled to meet Australian requests to modify the Soryu to make it larger and give it longer range, experts said, and appeared less enthusiastic than the French to share technical secrets with the Australian contractors who would help build the submarines.

“The French were very adroit in putting forward a bid that that was really an industry play, as well as a technical proposal,” said Peter Jennings, executive director of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. As for the Japanese, he added, “there really was a risk in asking Japan to relocate an entire industrial capability for the first time in modern history.”

The successful French proposal involves swapping an advanced diesel engine for the nuclear power plant normally used in a DCNS-made Barracuda-class submarine, a proven vessel that already has the size and range the Australians were looking for.

The French state owns about two-thirds of DCNS, which is the country’s largest naval contractor, while most of the rest is held by the defense and aerospace group Thales. Jean-Yves Le Drian, the French defense minister, told Europe 1 radio on Tuesday that the deal was “a great victory for the French naval industry” that would provide as many as 4,000 jobs in the Cherbourg region, where the company’s shipyards have been struggling.

Under the administration of former President Nicolas Sarkozy, France built two Mistral-class helicopter carriers for the Russian Navy, but sanctions imposed by Western countries after Russia invaded Crimea and Ukraine scuttled that deal.

ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems of Germany had also bid for the Australian deal.

Given the importance of the submarine project to Australia — Mr. Turnbull called it “a momentous national endeavor” — the French bid ultimately looked like the least risky choice, Mr. Jennings said. He added that Australia might now look for other, smaller defense contracts to open up to Japan, for instance in sonar systems, missile defense or cybersecurity.

“Walk first, then run,” Mr. Jennings said. “This is not something where we can afford to have any false starts.”

法踢日、德 獲澳洲1.27兆潛艦肥約

澳洲總理滕博爾廿六日宣布，法國國營包商DCNS將為澳洲建造十二艘新一代傳統潛艦，合約總金額至少五百億澳元（約台幣一點二七兆元）。法國打敗日本和德國，拿到這只肥約，讓日本安倍政府大失所望。

日本三菱重工最先被看好，但與日本首相安倍晉三交情很好的澳洲前總理艾伯特去年九月被黨內政敵推翻下台，以致法國後來居上，這對想重振日本國防工業的安倍政府是一大打擊，日本防衛大臣中谷元表示非常遺憾，將要求澳洲解釋。

滕博爾在阿得雷德的記者會上宣布汰換柯林斯級潛艦計畫。他說：「法國的提案最符合我們的特殊需求。」新一代潛艦將在阿得雷德港建造，為南澳大利亞省的造船工業帶來成千上萬個工作機會。

觀察家說，原本預期澳洲政府今年稍晚才會宣布，但滕博爾將國會大選提前到七月二日，因此提早宣布這項選舉大利多，南澳大利亞省是滕博爾政府是否獲選連任的關鍵。

滕博爾說：「這項合約將看到澳洲的工人用澳洲的鋼鐵建造澳洲的潛艦。」

法國國防部長勒德里安也宣稱將為法國帶來成千上萬個工作機會。他說：「這意味在法國創造成千上萬工作機會，這是很長期的合約，我們與澳洲結婚五十年，部分資金投資在澳洲，但仍有很大一部分會回到法國。」

艾伯特原本打算把潛艦合約直接給日本。美聯社報導，艾伯特認為由日本承造具有強化與日本和美國關係的戰略價值。但其他人警告，與日本在潛艦合約上長期合作，也許使澳洲和日本的聯盟關係更牢不可破，而得罪了澳洲的最大貿易國中國大陸。

法新社指出，日本三菱重工缺乏經驗，而且起先不願承諾在澳洲建造，因而錯失良機。日本若拿到合約，將是戰後首次全面軍事科技轉移。

DCNS計畫為澳洲建造柴電動力版的梭魚級（Barracuda-class）核動力潛艦，命名為「短鰭梭魚Block 1A」（Shortfin Barracuda Block1A），有九十七公尺長，排水量四千五百公噸。

日本三菱重工參與競爭的為加長版的蒼龍級（Soryu-class）柴電動力潛艦。德國泰森克魯伯海事系統則提出加大版的Type 214潛艦。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/27/business/international/australia-submarine-deal-japan-france.html

2016-04-27．聯合報．A15．國際．編譯田思怡