In South China Sea Visit, U.S. Defense Chief Flexes Military Muscle
By MICHAEL S. SCHMIDT

ABOARD THE U.S.S. JOHN C. STENNIS, in the South China Sea — Over the last week in Asia, Defense Secretary Ashton B. Carter has visited two aircraft carriers, revealed new military agreements with India and the Philippines, and generally signaled that the Obama administration had decided to lean more on military power to counter China’s territorial ambitions in the region.

But the newly muscular approach on display during Mr. Carter’s tour represents a gamble. While it sends a message that the United States will work with its allies to challenge Beijing’s expanding presence in the disputed South China Sea, it also plays into fears within the Chinese leadership about American efforts to halt China’s rise.

That may mean that the more the Pentagon steps up in the region, the more China may feel it needs to accelerate its military buildup, including the construction of new islands equipped with radar and airstrips in contested waters.

With a mix of showmanship and concrete initiatives during a six-day visit to India and the Philippines, Mr. Carter left little doubt that the United States intended both to strengthen alliances and move more hardware and troops here to counter China’s growing military reach.

On Friday, he rode a helicopter to a symbol of American power projection in the Pacific, a Nimitz-class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, as it cruised through the South China Sea near waters claimed by the Chinese.

Before visiting the carrier John C. Stennis, he marked the end of 11 days of military exercises between the United States and the Philippines and said some American troops would stay behind “to contribute to regional security and stability.”

He also said the United States had begun joint patrols of the South China Sea with the Philippine navy and would soon do the same with the country’s air force.

Earlier in the week, Mr. Carter toured an Indian aircraft carrier, the first time an American defense secretary had boarded such a ship, and said the United States would help India upgrade its carriers. He also revealed a new logistics agreement and said the two nations would work together on other military technologies.

Together, the measures announced by Mr. Carter hint at a potential American military resurgence in a part of the world where China believes it is destined to surpass the United States in influence. The Obama administration seems to be betting that China will back off rather than continue making moves that lead its neighbors to embrace the American military.

More than once in the last week, Mr. Carter cited China’s actions as the driving force behind tensions in the region and, implicitly, the reason for its neighbors’ increased engagement with the Pentagon.

Below deck, he said China should not see the carrier’s presence as a provocation.

“We have been here for decade upon decade. The only reason that question even comes up is because of what has gone on over the last year, and that’s a question of Chinese behavior,” he said. “What’s not new is an American carrier in this region. What’s new is the context and tension that exists, which we want to reduce.”

But some analysts warn that China could react to the Pentagon’s moves by taking more aggressive actions, challenging America’s commitment to the region in a high-profile game of chicken and raising the risk of a military conflict.

The Chinese have been closely watching Mr. Carter’s tour, which had included a stop in Beijing before it was scrubbed from the schedule a few weeks ago. In a late-night statement on Thursday, the Chinese Defense Ministry accused the United States of reverting to a “Cold War mentality” and said the Chinese military would “pay close attention to the situation and resolutely defend China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime interests.”

On Friday, China also disclosed that its most senior uniformed military commander had visited the disputed Spratly Islands, which appeared intended to signal Beijing’s resolve in the South China Sea, most of which it considers Chinese territory.

The Obama administration has declined to describe its approach toward China as a revival of “containment,” the Cold War strategy aimed at preventing the spread of Communism. Instead, Mr. Carter said the new military initiatives in the region were consistent with longstanding American policy to work closely with countries that share its interests.

“America’s policy continues to be one valued on principles of peaceful resolutions of disputes, lawful settlement of things like territorial disputes like the South China Sea, or anywhere else, freedom of navigation, freedom of commerce,” he said.

“Now countries who don’t stand for those things, who don’t stand with those things, are going to end up isolating themselves,” he added. “That will be self-isolation, not isolation by us.”

For decades, neither India nor the Philippines was particularly interested in military cooperation with the United States. As a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, India has been suspicious of alliances with other countries, particularly world powers. And the Philippines expelled American forces in the early 1990s, ending a military presence that began with the United States’ capture of the islands from Spain in 1898.

But both countries have grown wary of China’s rising military profile — more wary than they are of the United States.

The initiatives that Mr. Carter announced with India were largely symbolic but could signal greater cooperation in the future, like joint patrols in the South China Sea and the sale of heavy weaponry and other equipment. In a significant policy shift, India is already in talks with Japan, an American ally, to upgrade civilian infrastructure in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, an Indian archipelago seen as a potential strategic asset in efforts to counter Chinese naval expansion.

A sweeping 10-year deal with the Philippines, approved by the nation’s Supreme Court in January, will allow American forces to build military facilities and assign personnel, planes and ships to existing Philippine bases. Mr. Carter announced that more than 200 American pilots and crew members, as well as six aircraft and three helicopters, would remain in the country.

The developments represent a setback for President Xi Jinping of China, who has overseen the acceleration of Beijing’s buildup in the South China Sea and could be accused of needlessly drawing the United States back into the region.

But analysts in China said the Obama administration’s initiatives were unlikely to achieve its goal of persuading Mr. Xi to back off. Instead, they could heighten fears in the Chinese leadership that Washington is using Beijing’s claims in the South China Sea as an excuse to encircle China and halt its global rise.

“China sees its actions in the South China Seas as legitimate in protecting its own sovereignty and integrity,” Su Hao, a professor at China Foreign Affairs University in Beijing. “China will not just change its behaviors or deployment plan simply because of the Americans.”

美國防部長秀肌肉 表明遏阻中國擴張決心

國防部長卡特15日登上在距中國人造島不遠的南海水域航行的史坦尼斯號核動力航母視察，他在美國和菲律賓的聯合軍演上表示，美軍將致力維護地區安全和穩定，將和菲律賓在南海聯合進行海上巡邏，聯合空中巡邏也將很快開始。

卡特也表示，儘管中美雙邊緊張關係日甚，美方仍邀請中國參加今年稍後在太平洋舉行的大規模多國海上軍演。

卡特過去一周在亞洲和南海秀肌肉，他先後登上印度和美國的航空母艦視察，並與印度和菲律賓簽訂軍事協定，他登上史坦尼斯號航艦視察是美方展現在此爭議性海域維護安全決心的最近一次行動，表明歐巴馬政府在南海針對中國的領土擴張，如今更傾向採用武力遏阻。

他先在菲國西部巴拉旺島基地聽取戰情簡報，然後飛往史坦尼斯號航艦上視察大約兩小時。

紐約時報報導，卡特秀肌肉也是一場賭局，在發出美國與盟國聯合挑戰北京擴張的信號的同時，也使中國高層警覺，美國是在遏制中國崛起，導致五角大廈在南海的動作越多，中國就越可能感到，必須加快軍事化建設，包括在人造島礁建造機場和部署雷達。

卡特對亞洲的訪問使人堅信，為了對付中國日益增強的軍力，美國將加強在亞洲的軍事聯盟，和部署更多軍力。

卡特在亞洲期間的一系列舉措都顯示，美國將加強在亞洲的軍事存在。歐巴馬政府似乎認定，在美國的軍事存在面前，中國終將讓步，而不是繼續軍事逼進，迫使鄰國投入美國的懷抱。

卡特在亞洲之行中不止一次地提到，中國是加劇地區緊張的主要因素，他暗指鄰國向美國靠攏是中國造成的。

但卡特也表示，中國不應把美國航母在南海視為挑釁，「我們數十年來一直在這裡，早已不是新情況。新情況是這裡的局勢緊張，而我們則希望降低」。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/world/asia/south-china-sea-us-ash-carter.html

Video：Carter on Security in South China Sea
During his six-day trip to India and the Philippines this week, Ashton B. Carter, the secretary of defense, emphasized the importance of American military presence in the Asia-Pacific region.
http://nyti.ms/1SGAhEK

2016-04-17 世界日報 編譯中心