Transit Systems Eye Uber, Lyft for Savings on the Disabled
By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

BOSTON — Several U.S. transit systems looking to defray costs of providing services for the disabled are weighing partnerships with Uber and Lyft, unsettling some advocates who note that ride-hailing services have themselves faced criticism over accessibility.

Paratransit, better known under names like “The Ride,” “Access-a-Ride,” or “Dial-a-Ride,” is required under the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act. But the costs, which include door-to-door pickup and drop-off, can be steep.

The average cost of operating a single paratransit trip is about $23 in the U.S., compared with less than $4 for the average trip on bus or light rail. In Boston, the average cost per ride is about $45, in Washington, about $50, and in New York, nearly $57, officials said.

Transit agencies nationwide logged about 223 million paratransit trips at a cost exceeding $5.1 billion — about 12 percent of total transit operating costs — in 2013, according to the most recent data from the American Public Transportation Association. The price tag is particularly high in major cities, where agencies struggle with regular service and maintenance.

“I understand there are budget concerns. But for me this is a quality-of-life issue,” said Sarah Kaplan, 32, who was born with cerebral palsy and uses a wheelchair. She rides a vehicle operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority to get to and from her job as internship coordinator with the Boston Center for Independent Living.

“I want the right to leave my house like everyone else,” Kaplan said.

In 2012, the MBTA doubled fares from $2 to $4 for The Ride, triggering protests; several people chained their wheelchairs together and blocked traffic. Fares were later rolled back to $3 for most rides.

The deficit-ridden agency now hopes to cut $10 million in annual paratransit costs by expanding an existing taxi voucher system and contracting with ride-hailing services.

The plan, not yet finalized, would charge customers $2 per ride, while the MBTA contributes up to $13 for the trip. If a trip costs more than $15, the passenger would pay the difference.

A potential incentive for riders: Uber or Lyft can be summoned immediately with an app; trips on MBTA vehicles must be scheduled a day ahead.

“My guess is it will be very appealing to people who need to go shorter distances where the fares are under $15 and they can get an on-demand ride as opposed to booking 24 hours in advance,” said Brian Shortsleeve, the agency’s chief administrator.

But convenience comes with a catch.

With a limited number of wheelchair-accessible vehicles, the ride-hailing services would be available largely to people who can walk. And while a majority of individuals certified to use paratransit fit that bill, advocates worry about creating an unfair and possibly even illegal two-tiered system for the disabled — one serving people who can walk, the other those whose needs the private vehicles can’t accommodate.

“We don’t want racial segregation, and we also don’t want disability segregation,” said Marilyn Golden, senior policy analyst for the California-based Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund.

Uber and Lyft have both cited efforts to improve offerings for disabled riders. But the services have argued they are technology, not transportation, companies, meaning they are not required to provide accessible vehicles. Advocates for the disabled have filed a handful of lawsuits.

In January, a coalition including disability rights groups and labor unions wrote to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, known as Metro, expressing alarm over the agency’s interest in contracting with companies such as Uber or Lyft.

“This is of grave concern to our coalition for many reasons, most importantly because neither company has adequate access to wheelchair accessible vehicles,” the letter stated. Passenger safety and inadequate driver training were also cited as concerns, though activists did applaud Metro for seeking alternative forms of transportation.

The system already supplements its MetroAccess service with alternatives such as Transport DC, which offers $5 taxi rides to the disabled, including wheelchair-accessible cabs.

Metro hopes to solicit formal proposals from ride-sharing companies this summer but will pay careful attention to how such a program is structured, said Christian Kent, assistant manager of access services.

Pace, which operates the Chicago-area paratransit system, has had preliminary meetings with Uber and Lyft, said agency spokesman Doug Sullivan. He cited as a potential barrier the strict federal guidelines that drivers for Pace — or any company under contract with Pace — must meet for training, and drug and alcohol testing.

A spokesman for New York’s Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the nation’s largest transit system, declined to say whether it had reached out to ride-hailing services but did say no agreements were in place.

The San Francisco Examiner reported last year that Uber was in talks to take over that city’s paratransit system, something that didn’t come to pass.

Uber did not provide details of current paratransit proposals, but the company has pointed to disability outreach efforts such as UberACCESS that connects riders with wheelchair-accessible vehicles.

In a statement, Lyft said it has been in discussions with transit officials in Boston and was monitoring developments in Washington with the hope of participating in paratransit programs in both cities. The company also said it was working to accommodate people with disabilities, citing a recent partnership with the National Federation of the Blind.

帶身障者出門 美有請Uber、Lyft

美國好幾個城市的大眾運輸系統為了降低為身障人士提供服務的成本，正在考慮與線上叫車公司Uber與Lyft合作。

1990年制訂的「美國身障人法」規定都市成立輔助客運制度（paratransit），包括到府接送。維持這類服務的成本頗高，每次行程約為23美元 （台幣七百元），公車或輕軌則不到四美元。

非營利組織「美國大眾運輸協會」統計，2013年，全美輔助客運的成本超過51億美元，占全美客運總成本12%。大城市負擔尤重，因為這些城市本來就在辛苦維持常客運輸。

32歲的莎拉．卡普蘭先天腦性痲痺，靠輪椅代步，平日搭「麻州灣運輸局」 的輔助客運系統到「波士頓獨立生活中心」上班。她說：「我要和每個人一樣，有出門的權利。」

2012年，麻州灣運輸局不堪赤字，將每趟輔助客運的價格從二美元提高為四美元，引發抗議，有些人用鐵鏈串連輪椅，阻擋交通，價格後來調整為三美元。麻州灣運輸局現在構思，在現有的計程車費補助制之外，與叫車公司合作，希望每年將輔助客運的成本降低一千萬美元。如果定案，每次程用戶自擔2美元，補助13美元；若行程超過15美元，用戶自付差額。

新安排的好處是，Uber或Lyft的車子用app隨叫隨到，麻州灣運輸局現行制的車子必須提前24小時安排。美中仍有不足：叫車公司方便輪椅上下的車輛數目有限，因此他們的服務將只有能夠步行的身障者使用。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/04/10/us/ap-us-disabled-transit.html

2016-04-11．聯合晚報．A6．國際焦點．編譯彭淮棟