Emily Dickinson’s Inspirations Grow Anew
艾蜜莉狄瑾蓀 靈感花園重生
By Ferris Jabr

Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
I keep it, staying at Home
With a Bobolink for a Chorister
And an Orchard, for a Dome
－ Emily Dickinson

有些人在安息日上教堂
我也守安息日，但待在家中敬仰
食米鳥是唱詩班的領唱
而果園，是圓頂禮拜堂
－艾蜜莉．狄瑾蓀

That orchard was real: a medley of apple, pear, plum and cherry trees tended by the Dickinson family during their lifetimes. Over the decades, subsequent owners of the Dickinson house, known as the Homestead, removed the orchard, replaced extensive flower and vegetable gardens with lawn, and even installed a tennis court; and a devastating hurricane in 1938 damaged the grounds.
這果園是真有其園：它混種著蘋果、梨樹、李樹和櫻桃樹，由狄瑾蓀一家終其一生照顧著。狄瑾蓀家人的這座宅院名為「家園」，其後數十年間，後來的屋主移除了果園裡的果樹，以草坪取代大片的花園和菜園，甚至還設置了一座網球場；1938年，一場毀滅性的颶風破壞了整座的宅院。

This spring, however, the Emily Dickinson Museum has brought the poet’s beloved orchard back to life, planting a small grove of heirloom apples and pears grown by the Dickinsons on a sunny corner of the property near Triangle Street in Amherst, Massachusetts.
但是今春，艾蜜莉．狄瑾蓀博物館讓這位詩人心愛的果園起死回生，他們在這個位於麻州阿默斯特市三角街附近的物業上，在一個陽光充足的角落，開墾了一個小果園，重新栽種狄瑾蓀家人所種植的傳家蘋果樹和梨樹。

Records show that Edward Dickinson built the greenhouse in 1855 for his daughters Emily and Lavinia. Emily transformed the long-windowed room into a year-round garden where ferns unfurled their feathers, the perfumes of gardenias and jasmine sweetened the air, and fuchsia, carnations and “inland buttercups” bloomed alongside “heliotropes by the aprons full.”
紀錄顯示，愛德華．狄瑾蓀於1855年為他的女兒艾蜜莉和拉薇妮亞建造了一個溫室。艾蜜莉將這個長窗的溫室變成花開四季的花園，園中蕨類植物展開著羽毛，梔子花、茉莉花的香氣讓空氣透著甜味，燈籠花、康乃馨和「內陸金鳳花」盛開在「圍裙纈草」旁。

Now, the Emily Dickinson Museum is preparing to restore the conservatory, plants and all.
現在，艾蜜莉．狄瑾蓀博物館正準備讓溫室、植物和所有的一切恢復舊觀。

These may seem like trivial improvements. They are not. The restoration of the Homestead’s greenhouse and backyard revives a less well known yet crucial fact about Dickinson: In addition to being a poet, she was an amateur naturalist and a renowned gardener with a considerable knowledge of botany. “During her lifetime, Emily Dickinson was known more widely as a gardener, perhaps, than as a poet,” the literary scholar Judith Farr wrote in “The Gardens of Emily Dickinson.” But Dickinson’s two chief vocations were inextricable: Her passion for all things botanical is essential for a complete understanding of her personality, spirituality and verse.
這些改善看似微不足道。其實不然。重建「家園」的溫室和後院，可讓狄瑾蓀比較少為人知，卻又重要無比的事實重現。狄瑾蓀除了具備詩人身分之外，還是位業餘的自然主義者和知名的園藝家，植物學識淵博。文學學者茱蒂絲．法爾在她的《艾蜜莉．狄瑾蓀的花園》中寫道：「艾蜜莉．狄瑾蓀有生之年，作為園藝家的名氣，或許還大過詩人。」。不過，狄瑾蓀的兩大志業實則密不可分，了解她對所有植物的熱情，是徹底理解她的個性、靈命、和詩作的必備條件。

“It’s about trying to understand what her personal, physical world was like, juxtaposed to her immense universe of thought and imagination,” said Jane Wald, the executive director of the museum. “All that creativity and keen observation happened right here. Her home and gardens – these places were her poetic laboratory.”
博物館執行長珍．華德說：「這和嘗試了解她個人的實質世界是何模樣有關，和她思維與想像力的浩瀚宇宙兩相對照。所有的創造力和敏銳的觀察力發生在這裡。她的家和花園， 這些地方都是她的詩情實驗室。」

Dickinson’s expertise in botany and gardening profoundly shaped her poetry. As Farr wrote, her gardens “often provided her with the narratives, tropes, and imagery she required.” In her 1,789 poems, Dickinson refers to plants nearly 600 times and names more than 80 varieties, sometimes by genus or species. In her more than 350 references to flowers, the rose is most frequent, but Dickinson was also fond of humble plants like dandelions, clover and daisies. She used the latter two as symbols for herself in letters and poems. “The career of flowers differs from ours only in inaudibleness,” she wrote. “I feel more reverence as I grow for these mute creatures whose suspense or transport may surpass our own.”
狄瑾蓀的植物學和園藝的專業知識深刻地形塑了她的詩作。正如法爾所寫的，她的花園「經常提供給她她所需要的故事、比喻和意象。」狄金森在她所寫的1,789首詩中，提及植物近600次，談及的品種不下80樣，有時候用的是屬名和種名。他提到花朵超過350次，最常提到的是玫瑰，不過，狄瑾蓀也喜歡蒲公英、苜蓿和雛菊這些不起眼的植物。她在書信和詩作中用後兩者來代表自己。狄瑾蓀寫道：「花朵的生涯和我們的不同處，只在沒有聲音而已。隨著我的成長，我對這些無聲受造物的敬意也跟著增加，它們的懸疑或激情可能超越我們。」

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/17/science/emily-dickinson-lost-gardens.html

Slideshow：The Poet’s Own Collection
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/05/13/science/the-poets-own-collection/s/17DICKINSoN-slide-8HIC.html

2016-06-12．聯合報．D2．紐約時報賞析．王麗娟譯

說文解字看新聞 王麗娟

文章擷取美國最偉大詩人之一狄瑾蓀（1830-1886年）第324首詩的前4句為開端，說明果園對她的重要性。狄瑾蓀雖信教，最後還是放棄上教堂，在果園找到敬神和宗教信仰的殿堂（dome）。這段詩旨在點出狄瑾蓀博物館重新植回狄瑾蓀家庭的果園和花園的重大意義。

狄瑾蓀是現代人眼中的宅女，也是當時知名的園藝家（gardener），愛培植奇花異卉。果園和花園也是狄瑾蓀詩作的重要元素，文章標題因此稱讓果園和花園恢復舊觀(restoration），是讓狄瑾蓀的靈感（inspiration ) 重新成長（grow anew）。

狄瑾蓀的詩作沒有標題，韻腳不齊，與當時的詩風不合，儘管她常投稿，發表的作品不多，生前只發表過約10首詩，親友在她死後整理出1800多首詩，才知她如此多產。學者法爾（Judith Farr）發現她的詩和信件幾乎都與花和園有關，花園是她的想像世界，花朵則象徵著行動和情感。

狄瑾蓀一生中也收集了許多植物標本，以皮革裝訂成冊，內含424個壓花標本，都經過仔細分類。

狄瑾蓀喜歡將栽種的花草送人，常是一束花再附上一首詩。不過，當時朋友愛她的花遠勝過她的詩。

Chicago Police Try to Predict Who May Shoot or Be Shot
芝加哥警方 電腦演算推測槍案
By Monica Davey

In this city’s urgent push to rein in gun and gang violence, the Chicago Police Department is keeping a list. Derived from a computer algorithm that assigns scores based on arrests, shootings, affiliations with gang members and other variables, the list aims to predict who is most likely to be shot soon or to shoot someone. Shaquon Thomas was on it.
在芝加哥這座正加緊努力遏制槍枝與幫派暴力的城市，警察局保有一份名單。名單來自於一種根據逮捕、槍擊、幫派成員隸屬關係及其他變數打分數的電腦演算法，旨在預測誰最可能很快會被槍殺或是去射殺某人，而夏坎．湯馬斯就在名單上。

His first arrest came at age 13, and others quickly followed, his face maturing in a progression of mug shots. By 18, Thomas, who was known as the rapper Young Pappy, was wounded in a shooting, the police say. Then, in May 2015, Thomas, 19, was fatally shot in what police say was a running gang feud. His score was more than 500, putting him near the top of the police department’s list.
他13歲第一次被捕，不久後就開始一再被捕，而他的臉蛋也在一系列罪犯大頭照中漸趨成熟。警方說，18歲時，以饒舌歌手「年輕老頭」聞名的湯馬斯遭槍擊受傷。然後在2015年5月，時年19歲的湯馬斯在警方所說的一場持久不斷的幫派鬥爭中，受到致命槍傷。他的分數超過500，在警局名單上名列前茅。

“We know we have a lot of violence in Chicago, but we also know there’s a small segment that’s driving this stuff,” Eddie Johnson, the police superintendent, said in a recent interview.
警察局長艾迪．強生受訪時說：「我們知道芝加哥有很多暴力事件，但我們也知道是一小部分人讓這些事發生。」

The authorities hope that knowing who is most likely to be involved in violence can bring them a step closer to curtailing it. They are warning those highest on the list that they are under intense scrutiny, while offering social services to those who want a path away from the bloodshed.
當局希望，藉由知道哪些人最可能涉入暴力，能讓他們更有辦法遏制暴力。他們警告那些排在最前面的人他們正受到嚴密監控，同時也提供社會服務給那些想要遠離流血之路的人。

About three years into the program and on a fourth revision of the computer algorithm that generates the list, critics are raising pointed questions about potential breaches to civil liberties in the creation of such a ranking. And the list’s efficacy remains in doubt as killings and shootings have continued to rise this year.
計畫迄今約已執行3年，產生清單的電腦演算法亦已修正4次，批評者開始對這種排名可能侵犯公民自由提出了尖銳的質疑。由於今年殺人和槍擊案持續增加，這份名單效果仍然堪疑。

In a city of 2.7 million people, about 1,400 are responsible for much of the violence, Johnson said, and all of them are on the department’s “Strategic Subject List.”
強生說，在一個270萬人口的城市裡，約有1400人須為大部分暴力事件負責，而他們全都在本局的「戰略主題名單」上。

So far this year, more than 70 percent of the people who have been shot in Chicago were on the list, according to police, as were more than 80 percent of those arrested for shootings.
警方指出，今年到目前為止，在芝加哥被槍殺者超過7成在名單上，而因槍擊案被捕者更有8成以上名列其上。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/us/armed-with-data-chicago-police-try-to-predict-who-may-shoot-or-be-shot.html

2016-06-12．聯合報．D2．紐約時報賞析 陳韋廷譯