Ex-President ‘Lula’ Joins Brazil’s Cabinet, Gaining Legal Shield
By SIMON ROMERO

RIO DE JANEIRO — After the police raided his home and prosecutors sought his arrest, the former president of Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, seemed destined to become the biggest figure caught in the widening corruption investigation upending Latin America’s largest country.

But as it turns out, he may have an unusual escape route. Instead of facing jail, he is becoming a cabinet minister: President Dilma Rousseff, his protégée and successor, announced Wednesday that she was making him chief of staff.

The move grants Mr. da Silva, the founder and face of the governing Workers’ Party, broad legal protections, but it quickly intensified the political upheaval rattling the nation.

Brazil is suffering its worst economic crisis in decades. An enormous graft scheme has hobbled the national oil company. The Zika epidemic is causing despair across the northeast. And just before the world heads to Brazil for the Summer Olympics, the government is fighting for survival, with almost every corner of the political system under the cloud of scandal.

Ms. Rousseff is battling to stay in office, with protesters demanding her ouster and lawmakers pursuing impeachment proceedings against her. Demonstrations calling for her to resign flared Wednesday night in cities including Brasília and São Paulo.

But the people aspiring to replace Ms. Rousseff are under threat, too. The heads of both houses of Congress are being investigated for their roles in the national oil company scandal. The leader of the opposition Social Democrats is under fire over revelations that his family maintains secret bank accounts in Liechtenstein. Even the low-profile vice president, who has been positioning himself to take over if Ms. Rousseff is impeached, is under scrutiny over allegations that he was involved in an illegal ethanol purchasing scheme.

“Brazil has turned into an aspiring banana republic,” said Josias de Souza, a political commentator, pointing to the unusual situation of a sitting president handing over important functions to a besieged mentor.

Brazil, he said, is being “governed by a joke.”

Prosecutors are trying to have Mr. da Silva arrested in a corruption case that centers on his ties to giant construction companies. But cabinet ministers are among the 700 or so senior officials who enjoy special judicial standing, meaning they can be tried only by Brazil’s highest court, the Supreme Federal Tribunal.

Effectively, this prevents nearly all of these figures from going to prison because trials at the court drag on for years. Nearly a third of the 594 members of Congress, including the leaders of the lower house and the Senate, are under scrutiny before the court over claims of violating laws.

As chief of staff, Mr. da Silva will join a government lurching from one crisis to another. He remains a powerful force, a former union leader who founded the governing party during Brazil’s military dictatorship.

“In my government, President Lula will have the necessary powers to help us, to help Brazil,” Ms. Rousseff said. “If Lula’s arrival strengthens my government, and there are people who don’t want it strengthened, then what can I do?”

Though Mr. da Silva faces multiple corruption investigations, even his critics recognize his mastery of political negotiations, especially in comparison with Ms. Rousseff. Her inability to cultivate allies in the capital, Brasília, may have doomed her to irrelevance long before she brought him aboard, analysts said.

“Vested with the unprecedented function of a de facto prime minister, Lula will oversee an act of political desperation to save what’s left of his project,” said Igor Gielow, a columnist for the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo.

Mr. da Silva, who was president from 2003 through 2010, is defending himself from investigations into his accumulation of wealth since leaving office. Stunning the political establishment, he was taken into custody for questioning this month in a federal inquiry into renovations of luxury properties by O.A.S. and Odebrecht, two scandal-plagued construction companies.

Mr. da Silva has asserted that he is innocent of any wrongdoing, calling the inquiries attempts to destabilize Ms. Rousseff’s government and prevent him from returning to the presidency. He has recently begun mounting a bid to run again in 2018, denouncing political opponents and critics in the news media. But upon taking up his post, he will have to start with damage control.

On Wednesday, a judge investigating him released an intercept of a phone call between Mr. da Silva and Ms. Rousseff that seems to signal how they were planning for him to get a cabinet post. In the call, she said she was preparing his “appointment papers.” The intercept could bolster opponents who say his move into the government was plotted well in advance and may have been illegal, though Ms. Rousseff’s office said they were simply following normal procedures.

Beyond that, Delcídio do Amaral, a senator from the Workers’ Party, reached a plea deal in which he accused Mr. da Silva and Ms. Rousseff of obstructing corruption investigations. “I am a prophet of chaos,” Mr. do Amaral told reporters after the high court accepted the deal, in which he implicated figures across the ideological spectrum.

While Brasília braces for the return of Mr. da Silva to the daily political fray, others around the country are trying to decipher what comes next.

Alcebíades da Cunha Vieira, a lawyer in Rio de Janeiro, said the dismal economy and the endless stream of scandals had him feeling despondent about his 17-year-old son’s future.

“I want to send him away from this corruption, to Canada or Australia or the United States,” said Mr. Cunha Vieira, 57. “The system here ruins people, and I don’t want it to ruin my son.”

Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a former president who is widely admired among Mr. da Silva’s opponents, expressed dread about his rival’s return to power.

“I think it’s scandalous for a person to accept a cabinet post at the moment when he could go on trial,” Mr. Cardoso, 84, told reporters. “This intensifies the moral crisis in the country.”

But in a sign of the times, even Mr. Cardoso, a sociologist viewed as an elder statesman by his supporters, is among the many Brazilian political figures recently ensnared in scandals. Investigators are looking into payments he made to a former mistress, and their ties to a company that operated a chain of duty-free shops and arranged to employ her outside Brazil. Mr. Cardoso has acknowledged supporting the woman but has said that he followed the law in doing so.

It is hard to find a part of Brazil’s political system that has not been tarnished. Mr. da Silva’s former chief of staff, José Dirceu de Oliveira e Silva, is in prison on corruption charges. So is João Vaccari Neto, the former treasurer of the Workers’ Party.

Meanwhile, investigators are narrowing in on the business dealings of one of Mr. da Silva’s sons, Luis Cláudio Lula da Silva, who is suspected of receiving illegal payments in connection to a scheme to reduce tax penalties for large corporations.

Marcelo Odebrecht, scion of one of the country’s richest families, was sentenced this month to 19 years in prison for his role in the scandal surrounding Petrobras, the national oil company. Other business titans who are friends of Mr. da Silva, like the construction magnate Léo Pinheiro, are also in jail.

Then there are the politicians maneuvering to take power in case Mr. da Silva cannot salvage Ms. Rousseff’s government. Waiting in the wings are the leaders of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, the centrists anchoring Ms. Rousseff’s coalition government.

One of its most powerful leaders, Eduardo Cunha, the speaker of the lower house of Congress, is resisting calls to step down. He faces charges of taking as much as $40 million in bribes for himself and his allies.

Mr. da Silva is already reaching out to the leaders of the party to prevent them from breaking from the governing coalition, a move that would make Ms. Rousseff far more vulnerable to impeachment. After meeting with Mr. da Silva, Renan Calheiros, the president of the Senate, spoke admirably of the former president’s “good ties to Congress.”

Left unsaid: Mr. Calheiros, like Mr. da Silva and dozens of other figures, is tarnished by various scandals. He resurrected his career after battling revelations that he let a construction company’s lobbyist pay child support for his daughter from an extramarital affair.

More recently, he is facing claims of pocketing large bribes in the Petrobras scandal, remaining at the helm of the Senate thanks in part to the special judicial standing afforded to him and Mr. da Silva.

“We’re in the hands of leaders who are bandits,” said Arivaldo Gomes, 54, a deliveryman. “I’m ashamed of this country.”

涉貪巴西前總統魯拉入閣就職 法官發禁制令

涉入貪汙案的巴西前總統魯拉十七日在民眾的抗議聲中宣誓就任總統羅賽芙的幕僚長，魯拉入閣享有司法保護，可免於被起訴。但在魯拉就職後，一名巴西聯邦法官發出禁制令，中止魯拉的任命，理由是可能阻礙司法調查，損害司法權。

魯拉的就職典禮在首都巴西利亞總統府舉行，一名抗議人士大罵：「可恥！」魯拉的支持者則高呼口號，譴責反對派要「政變」。

在典禮前，兩派人馬在總統府前發生衝突。警方噴胡椒水阻止衝突，並驅散大約三百名想要進入廣場的抗議人士，廣場內已有大約三百多名支持政府的群眾。羅賽芙說：「暴動者的喊叫不會改變我的道路，或讓我們屈服。」

巴西最大城和經濟中心聖保羅也有幾百名反政府人士要求彈劾羅賽芙和逮捕魯拉。聖保羅股市十七日開盤大漲百分之五，分析師說，市場樂觀預期這項爭議性的任命代表左派政府垮台的開始。分析師萊特說：「市場慶祝政府即將垮台。」

羅賽芙十六日任命魯拉出任幕僚長，輿論譁然，羅賽芙辯稱欲借重其人望及長才，但反對派批評，此舉無異助魯拉開脫，形同「魯拉的第三個總統任期」。

羅賽芙十六日表示，任命魯拉入閣不會影響貪汙案調查。巴西部長級官員享司法特權，只有最高法院有權調查案件。

擔任總統六年餘的羅賽芙，當初是魯拉指定的接班人，她正面臨生涯最大政治危機，任命魯拉也被視為政治豪賭。巴西經濟陷入近年來最嚴重的衰退；國營企業「巴西石油公司」爆發貪汙案，羅賽芙親信和魯拉皆涉案；抗議民眾已連續四天示威，要求國會彈劾她。

反對派人士批評，魯拉入閣後等於實質領導人，羅賽芙自我降格成傀儡，「前總統展開第三任期，現任總統則正結束她的第二任期」。

巴西社群網站流傳一句魯拉當年的名言：「一個窮人偷竊時，他得去坐牢；一個有錢人偷竊，就成了部長！」諷刺他現在所為。七十歲的魯拉擔任總統期間甚孚人望，推動一系列社福政策，被視為窮人的英雄，卸任時的滿意度高達八成。

負責調查巴西石油貪汙案的聯邦法官摩洛十六日公布電話監聽紀錄，顯示羅賽芙試圖影響法院和檢方對魯拉的調查，但仍無實據。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/17/world/americas/brazil-ex-president-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva.html

Video：Brazilians protested in the streets after President Dilma Rousseff appointed the former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as her chief of staff, a move some say helps him avoid prosecution.
http://nyti.ms/1MbKe0i

2016-03-18．聯合報．A17．國際．編譯莊蕙嘉、田思怡