US Zika Case Sparks Questions About Sex and Mosquito Germs
By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

NEW YORK — A sexually transmitted case of Zika in Texas has scientists scrambling to understand how much of a risk infection through sex is for the usually mosquito-spread illness.

Experts still stress that mosquitoes are the main culprit in the Zika epidemic menacing Latin America and looming over the United States.

“Mosquitoes would be the great river of transmission, while sexual transmission is going to be akin to a mountain stream,” said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease expert at Vanderbilt University.

But the Texas case has spurred more discussion about additional ways in which Zika and other illnesses, commonly thought to be carried only by mosquitoes, might be spread.

Other types of transmission can be hard to spot in the midst of outbreaks in which many mosquito-borne infections are occurring, noted Dr. Ali Khan, a former disease investigator for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

“It’s very hard to parse this out in the middle of an epidemic,” said Khan, now dean of the University of Nebraska’s college of public health.

Discerning something like sexual transmission would have to occur in a place where an outbreak was not raging, he said.

That’s what happened in Dallas.

The current Zika epidemic is on track to cause millions of infections in Latin America and the Caribbean, but no transmission was reported in the United States until the Dallas case this week.

Health officials said a person there — who had not traveled to an outbreak area — was infected. An investigation concluded the person caught the virus through sex with a person who had recently returned from Venezuela, where Zika infections have been growing.

Officials released few details about the case, except to say both patients have recovered. But it wasn’t the first to raise the possibility of sexual transmission of the virus.

A Colorado State University researcher, Brian Foy, picked up the virus in Africa and apparently spread it to his wife back home in 2008. More recently, it was found in one man’s semen in Tahiti.

Now, in the wake of the Dallas case, “we’re all kind of scrambling in the scientific community how best to tackle this and how best to research it,” said Foy.

Most people infected with Zika experience, at the most, only mild symptoms. But mounting evidence in Brazil has suggested a connection between the virus and babies born with brain defects and abnormally small heads.

The Zika epidemic and possible link to microcephaly cases in Brazil prompted the World Health Organization to declare a global emergency on Monday, calling the virus’ rapid spread and its apparent link to the birth defect an “extraordinary event” that poses a threat to the rest of the world.

WHO spokesman Tarik Jasarevic said Wednesday that the Texas sexual transmission case is “obviously a concern.”

“We need to know more about how likely this is to happen. We also have to understand whether there are other human-to-human transmission routes, such as blood transfusion, such as mother-to-child transmission,” he said.

Perhaps a bigger worry than sex is what dangers may lurk in blood donations from people who have been in Zika outbreak areas, said Dr. W. Ian Lipkin, a Columbia University infectious diseases researcher.

“I would raise caution that any blood used in pregnant women should be tested for the presence of Zika virus,” something that currently doesn’t happen, Lipkin said.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration says there are no approved tests for routine screening of blood donations for Zika virus, but it is looking into the issue. Zika virus usually remains in the blood of an infected person for a few days but it can be found longer in some people, the CDC says. This week, the Red Cross said they are asking travelers to Zika outbreak countries to wait at least 28 days before donating blood.

On Wednesday, Canadian health officials announced that people who have travelled outside of Canada, the continental United States and Europe will be ineligible to give blood for 21 days after their return. Canadian Blood Services says it is implementing the waiting period to mitigate the risk of the Zika virus entering the Canadian blood supply.

Meanwhile, the CDC said it will issue guidance in the coming days on prevention of sexual transmission of the Zika virus, focusing on the male sexual partners of women who are or may be pregnant.

It’s a tall order, because so much is unknown about sexual transmission and Zika, experts said.

How long is someone infectious? How long does the virus live in the sperm? Does it only spread if the first person is suffering symptoms?

Foy said that in his case, he didn’t begin to experience symptoms until after he and his wife had sex.

“It’s completely black box right now” in terms of how little is known about the risk of sexual transmission, Foy said.

As worrisome as possible sexual transmission may be, experts stress that mosquitoes will continue to be the far greater concern. The bugs inject virus right into the blood stream — an extremely efficient way of spreading dangerous germs through the body.

“The mosquito is the deadliest animal on the planet,” Schaffner said.

美爆首例茲卡病毒 經性交感染

美國德州達拉斯郡傳出美國首起境內感染茲卡病毒病例，美國疾病管制暨預防中心（CDC）證實，這起病例是經由性接觸感染。

達拉斯郡衛生及公共服務局（DCHHS）二日發表聲明指出，這名病患因為和遭受茲卡病毒感染的性伴侶發生性行為後染病，而其性伴侶先前到委內瑞拉旅遊感染茲卡病毒；委國是茲卡病毒疫區之一。

CDC官員表示，德州這名病患是美國首起境內感染病例。DCHHS局長湯普森指出，該局會加強茲卡病毒的宣導，而除了禁慾之外，從事性行為時使用保險套是避免受到感染的最佳措施；此外，當地目前沒有接獲經由蚊蟲傳染的通報病例。

目前已知全美有超過卅人感染茲卡病毒，但這些病例都是到國外旅遊時感染，造成大規模感染的風險相對較低；美國本土目前尚未被視為疫區，因為並未傳出蚊蟲傳播的茲卡病例。

儘管科學家已知茲卡病毒會經由性行為感染，但病毒主要散播方式還是經由蚊蟲叮咬導致，與瘧疾和西尼羅病毒的傳染方式十分類似。

另外，擔心茲卡病毒入境台灣，衛福部疾管署昨日宣布，加強機場「捕蚊措施」，針對來自疫情流行區的班機，增加防疫人員登機抓蚊的頻率，而中央流行疫情指揮中心也將於明日，召開第一次茲卡病毒感染症專家會議，研討具體防疫措施。

因應世衛組織將茲卡病毒感染症，列為「國際公共衛生緊急關注事件」，疾管署成立署級中央流行疫情指揮中心。

疾管署副署長周志浩指出，航空公司原本就會針對機艙噴灑防蚊藥劑滅蚊，但如今提高防疫嚴謹度，增加防疫人員手持捕蚊網，登機抽檢、抓蚊的頻率，以確保無瘧蚊、埃及斑蚊等病媒蚊飛入國境。

周志浩表示，防疫人員登機抽檢機艙，若發現斑蚊，則航空公司將被列名警告，若未加改善，可依《傳染病防治法》處一至十五萬元罰鍰。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/02/03/health/ap-us-med-zika-virus-sex.html

紐約時報中文版翻譯：
http://cn.nytimes.com/health/20160203/c03zika-sex/zh-hant/

2016-02-04．聯合報．A13．國際．華盛頓記者賴昭穎、記者黃安琪