South China Sea Tensions Surge as China Lands Plane on Artificial Island
By REUTERS

HONG KONG/BEIJING — China’s first landing of a plane on one of its new island runways in the South China Sea shows Beijing’s facilities in the disputed region are being completed on schedule and military flights will inevitably follow, foreign officials and analysts said.

China’s increasing military presence in the disputed sea could effectively lead to a Beijing-controlled air defense zone, they said, ratcheting up tensions with other claimants and with the United States in one of the world’s most volatile areas.

China has confirmed that a test flight by a civilian plane landed on an artificial island built in the Spratlys, the first time Beijing has used a runway in the area.

Vietnam said the plane landed on Jan 2 and launched a formal diplomatic protest, while Philippines Foreign Ministry spokesman Charles Jose said Manila was planning to do the same. Both have claims to the area that overlap with China.

“That’s the fear, that China will be able take control of the South China Sea and it will affect the freedom of navigation and freedom of overflight,” Jose told reporters.

In Washington, State Department spokesman John Kirby said China’s landing of the plane “raises tensions and threatens regional stability.”

Senator John McCain, the chairman of the influential U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, criticized the Obama administration for delaying further “freedom of navigation” patrols within 12 nautical miles of the islands built by China.

China has been building runways on the artificial islands for over a year, and the plane’s landing was not a surprise.

The runway at the Fiery Cross Reef is 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) long and is one of three China was constructing on artificial islands built up from seven reefs and atolls in the Spratlys archipelago.

The runways would be long enough to handle long-range bombers and transport craft as well as China’s best jet fighters, giving them a presence deep into the maritime heart of Southeast Asia that they have lacked until now.

Chinese officials have repeatedly stressed that the new islands would be mostly for civilian use, such as coast guard activity and fishing research.

Foreign ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said at the weekend that the test flight was intended to check whether the runway met civilian aviation standards and fell “completely within China’s sovereignty”.

Asked about McCain’s remarks on Tuesday, she said: “We hope the U.S. can take an objective and fair attitude, and not make statements that confuse the situation and are harmful to regional peace and stability,” she said.

DE FACTO DEFENSE ZONE

However, military landings on the islands were now “inevitable”, said Leszek Buszynski, a visiting fellow at the Australian National University’s Strategic and Defence Studies Centre.

“The next step will be, once they’ve tested it with several flights, they will bring down some of their fighter air power - SU-27s and SU-33’s - and they will station them there permanently. That’s what they’re likely to do.”

Ian Storey, a South China Sea expert at Singapore’s ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute, said he expected tensions to worsen as China used its new facilities to project power deeper into the South China Sea.

Even if China stopped short of formally declaring an Air Defence Identification Zone, known as an ADIZ, Beijing’s need to protect its new airstrips and other facilities could see it effectively operating one.

Work is well underway to complete a range of port, storage and personnel facilities on the new islands, U.S. and regional officials have said.

Fiery Cross is also expected to house advanced early warning radars and military communications facilities, they said.

“As these facilities become operational, Chinese warnings to both military and civilian aircraft will become routine,” Storey said. “These events are a precursor to an ADIZ, or an undeclared but de facto ADIZ, and one has to expect tensions to rise.”

China sparked condemnation from the United States and Japan in late 2013 when it declared an ADIZ over the East China Sea, covering uninhabited islands disputed with Tokyo.

Hua, the Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman, said on Monday that there were no immediate plans for an ADIZ in the South China Sea.

However, regional military officials say they are logging increased warnings to aircraft from Chinese radio operators, including some from ground stations on Fiery Cross reef.

China claims most of the South China Sea, through which more than $5 trillion of world trade ships every year. Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines and Taiwan have rival claims.

The United States has no claim in the South China Sea, but has been highly critical of China’s assertiveness and says it will protect freedom of navigation.

In Washington, McCain said that the lack of U.S. action after a navy patrol near the islands in October was allowing China to continue to “pursue its territorial ambitions” in the region.

U.S. officials remain committed to carrying out further “freedom of navigation” patrols near the disputed islands, but are still debating the timing of another patrol, said one U.S. defense official, who was not authorized to speak publicly.

南沙試飛 陸再引防空識別區議論

中國在南沙群島永暑礁進行飛航校驗，引發是否設立南海防空識別區議論；大陸外交部發言人華春瑩昨重申，將根據中國對安全形勢的判斷和需要來綜合考慮。

華春瑩回應時再次強調，中國對南沙群島及其附近海域有無可爭辯的主權，中國對永暑礁新建機場進行校驗試飛，完全是中國主權範圍內的事情。中國一向尊重各國依據國際法所享有的航行和飛越自由。

至於中方是否要設立南海防空識別區，華春瑩表示，「這要根據我們對安全形勢的判斷和需要來綜合考慮」；中方認為，目前南海總體局勢是穩定的，中方願繼續與有關各方共同努力，維護好南海地區的和平與穩定。

依「安全形勢來綜合考慮」，是大陸外交部與國防部針對南海防空識別區的官方制式回答。華春瑩重申，希望有關國家不要試圖用艦機炫耀武力，應以實際行動與中方共同維護南海地區的和平與穩定。

BBC中文網報導，日本外相岸田文雄昨也針對永暑礁一事昨回應說，中國的行為是在與有關國家的主張對立之中，進一步推行單方面改變現狀和既成事實化，日本深感憂慮，此種行為不利和平解決紛爭，應採取克制。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2016/01/05/world/asia/05reuters-southchinasea-china.html

2016-01-05．聯合報．A12．兩岸．特派記者林克倫