South Korean and Japanese Leaders Feel Backlash From ‘Comfort Women’ Deal
By JONATHAN SOBLE and CHOE SANG-HUN

TOKYO — The leaders of South Korea and Japan faced a barrage of criticism on Tuesday from nationalists upset about a landmark deal aimed at resolving a dispute over Korean women who had been pressed into sexual servitude in Japanese military brothels before and during World War II.

President Park Geun-hye of South Korea and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan had long cultivated reputations as hard-liners in their countries’ recurring battles over history. While Ms. Park had demanded that Japan do more to atone for its 35 years of colonial rule on the Korean Peninsula, Mr. Abe had suggested that Japanese rule was less brutal than Koreans said it was.

In recent years, their stances had deepened the conflict but won support from professed patriots at home.

So the compromise agreement announced on Monday, in which Japan offered a new apology and $8.3 million to help care for surviving victims — in return for a South Korean promise not to press any future claims — seemed to some observers to borrow a page from the diplomatic playbook of President Richard M. Nixon. They drew comparisons to Mr. Nixon’s decision to seek détente with China in 1972, a move that was both surprising and politically feasible given his longstanding anti-Communist credentials.

Yet the apparently sudden change of course by Ms. Park and Mr. Abe has inevitably left some feeling betrayed. And analysts said it carried unequal political risks, with Ms. Park facing a fiercer backlash, in part because the surviving women themselves said they had no voice in shaping the diplomatic deal.

“Which country do you belong to?” Lee Yong-su, 88, shouted at Lim Sung-nam, the first vice foreign minister of South Korea, as he entered a shelter for the women in Seoul, a visit arranged by Ms. Park’s government as part of a damage-control effort, according to the Yonhap News Agency. “You could have at least let us know what kind of deal you were striking with Japan.”

Only 46 Korean women who said they were among the tens of thousands who were forced to work in brothels from the early 1930s until 1945 are still alive. They are reported to object that the money offered by Japan did not take the form of official reparations, which would carry an acknowledgment of legal as well as moral responsibility, but instead were presented as a humanitarian contribution.

And although the two governments did not see the amount paid as being as important as putting the issue to rest, many found the $8.3 million — roughly $180,000 per survivor — insulting.

“That’s really stingy,” said Lee Sung-yoon, a professor in Korean studies at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. “You know what you get for a personal injury lawsuit after spilling hot coffee on yourself in America?”

He continued, “Victims of systematic and widespread rape or, in today’s parlance, crime against humanity, deserve much more than that.”

Mr. Lee said Ms. Park’s political opponents could now paint her as “a pro-Japanese collaborator, as they already have her father.” Her father, the former military dictator Park Chung-hee, had served as an officer in the Japanese Imperial Army.

In the South Korean Parliament, some opposition lawmakers called for an apology from Ms. Park and the resignation of Foreign Minister Yun Byung-se on Tuesday, holding them responsible for what at least one lawmaker called a “traitorous” deal.

The two governments may be hoping that pragmatic considerations outweigh such sentiments. The agreement was welcomed by the United States, for whom both South Korea and Japan are vital allies. All three countries are eager to improve security cooperation in the face of an increasingly assertive China and an advancing North Korean nuclear weapons program.

South Korean newspapers offered limited endorsements of the deal, tempered by criticism that it did not include an admission of legal responsibility by Japan.

“It is pivotal to the Korea-U.S.-Japan alliance,” the mass-circulation daily newspaper JoongAng Ilbo said in an editorial: “You can choose your friends, but not your neighbors. Both nations must move forward.”

Ms. Park has some political room to take risks. She is barred by law from seeking another term in the next presidential election, in 2017. The main opposition party is fractured by infighting, and her governing party holds a majority in Parliament and leads by a large margin in approval ratings.

Insisting on formal reparations would almost certainly have scuttled the deal. South Korea renounced legal claims against Japan in a 1965 treaty normalizing relations between the two countries. Although South Korea says that the military brothel issue was never discussed during negotiations for that treaty and that it should be treated as an exception, Japan has been adamant in sticking to the letter of that agreement.

“For us, 1965 is final, legally speaking,” a Japanese government official said, speaking on the condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to discuss the negotiations. Making an exception for Korean “comfort women” — as they were euphemistically called by the Japanese — he said, would have opened Japan to a deluge of potential claims, including from women from other countries and from men who were rounded up to work in Japanese wartime industries such as coal mining. Many died from the dangerous work, as well as from malnutrition and other ill-treatment.

Mr. Abe also faced criticism after the deal, though analysts said he would probably gain more support from moderate Japanese voters than he would lose from the far right.

“Conservatives won’t abandon Abe, and from the point of view of middle-of-the-road Japanese, it’s a positive development,” said Masatoshi Honda, a professor at Kinjo Gakuin University.

“If a dovish prime minister had done it, he would have been eviscerated by the right,” he added. “It’s precisely because Abe is a conservative that he could pull this off.”

Some right-wing members of Mr. Abe’s governing Liberal Democratic Party demanded that the prime minister press Ms. Park to remove what they consider a provocative anti-Japanese symbol: the statue of a girl representing the “comfort women” that was installed by a civic group in front of the Japanese Embassy in Seoul.

In the deal announced Monday, South Korea agreed only to take the matter up with the group, which has insisted it will not remove the statue. On Tuesday, the group and the women confirmed that they would continue their weekly protests in front of the embassy, which they have held every Wednesday since 1992.

In what struck some as an effort to retain credibility with the right, Mr. Abe’s wife, Akie, visited the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo on Monday that honors Japanese war dead, including leaders convicted as war criminals by Allied tribunals.

Much of the criticism in Japan came from further in the political margins, including from anonymous online ultranationalists known collectively as the Net Right. Some posted messages on Mr. Abe’s Facebook page and other forums calling him a “rotten traitor” and worse. “I feel completely deceived,” one wrote.

Kyoko Nakayama, a former political ally of Mr. Abe’s who now leads a small breakaway party of disgruntled former members of the Liberal Democratic Party, denounced the agreement as “the biggest stain on Abe’s diplomatic record.”

慰安婦達成協議 日韓民眾火更大

兩位仍在世的南韓慰安婦阿嬤與大約兩百五十名學生、反對黨議員和公民運動者，卅日照舊在首爾的日本大使館前進行每周三例行的抗議活動，群眾譴責南韓與日本就慰安婦問題達成協議。紐約時報報導，南韓總統朴槿惠和日本首相安倍晉三為此協議在國內都招致批評。

慰安婦阿嬤李容洙說：「政府不可信，我們要繼續奮戰，直到日本負起法律責任並道歉，唯有如此，才能為已逝去的被害人伸張正義。」

群眾紀念今年去世的九位慰安婦阿嬤，氣氛哀戚，但隨即轉為憤怒，高呼口號譴責日本和首相安倍晉三。

群眾怒斥日韓協議，尤其是南韓承諾要設法移走日本大使館前的慰安婦少女銅像。群眾高呼：「取消羞辱的協議！絕不搬遷銅像！」根據民調，百分之六十六的南韓民眾反對遷移銅像。

紐約時報報導，在日韓的歷史紛爭上，朴槿惠和安倍都在國內建立起強硬派形象，贏得愛國人士支持，這次兩人在美國壓力和外交現實下妥協，觀察家說，兩人彷彿參照一九七二年美國總統尼克森訪問大陸、美中閃電和解的外交劇本。

朴槿惠和安倍的突然改變當然會讓國內部分人士感到被背叛，朴槿惠面臨的反彈比安倍更激烈，部分原因是慰安婦阿嬤說，政府與日本交涉，從未問她們的意見。

美國塔夫斯大學佛萊契爾法律與外交學院的韓國問題專家李成允說，朴槿惠的政敵會把她說成是「親日的通敵者，他們已為她的父親扣上這頂帽子」。朴槿惠的父親朴正熙曾為日本皇軍軍官。

朴槿惠在政治上有冒險的空間，憲法規定總統只能做一任，她沒有連任壓力，而且最大反對黨因內鬥分崩離析，執政黨在國會享有絕對多數。

安倍在國內也招致批評，但分析家說，他與南韓達成協議，贏得更多溫和派選民支持，為他加分，雖然極右派對他不滿，他的得分仍多於失分。金城學院大學教授本田雅俊說：「保守派不會放棄安倍，從日本中間路線者的觀點，這是正面發展。如果鴿派首相做了這件事，會被右派罵翻，但安倍本身是保守派。」

對安倍的批評來自極右派，屬於「右網」的網路匿名民族主義者在安倍的臉書上貼文，罵他是「腐爛的賣國賊」。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/30/world/asia/south-korea-japan-comfort-women.html

紐約時報中文版翻譯：
http://cn.nytimes.com/asia-pacific/20151230/c30korea/zh-hant/

Video：A South Korean politician visited former “comfort women” and explained a deal reached between Seoul and Tokyo over the issue of Korean women forced into brothels during World War II.
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/100000004116690/minister-visits-comfort-women-shelter.html

Video：The foreign ministers of South Korea and Japan reached a “final and irrevocable resolution” over women who were forced to serve as sex slaves while Korea was under Japanese rule.
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/asia/100000004115049/comfort-women-issue-resolved.html

2015-12-31．聯合報．A13．兩岸/國際．編譯田思怡