Taliban Fighters Capture Kunduz City as Afghan Forces Retreat
By JOSEPH GOLDSTEIN and MUJIB MASHAL

KABUL, Afghanistan — After months of besieging the northern Afghan provincial capital of Kunduz, Taliban fighters took over the city on Monday just hours after advancing, officials said, as government security forces fully retreated to the city’s outlying airport.

The Taliban’s sudden victory, after what had appeared to be a stalemate through the summer, gave the insurgents a military and political prize — the capture of a major Afghan city — that had eluded them since 2001. And it presented the government of President Ashraf Ghani, which has been alarmed about insurgent advances in the surrounding province for a year, with a demoralizing setback less than a year after the formal end of the NATO combat mission in Afghanistan.

Afghan officials vowed that a counterattack was coming, as commando forces were said to be flowing by air and road to Kunduz. But by nightfall, the city itself belonged to the Taliban. Their white flag was flying over several public areas of Kunduz, residents said.

Announcing their victory, the Taliban issued a statement saying that the group “has no intention” of looting or carrying out extrajudicial killings.

But witness accounts and videos posted to social media showed some scenes of chaos. The insurgents had set fire to police buildings, and witnesses reported that jewelry shops were being looted, though by whom was unclear.

The Taliban also appeared to have freed hundreds of inmates from the city’s prison. One video showed a crowd gathered around the city’s main traffic circle, responding to the chants of a Taliban fighter. “Death to America! Death to the slaves of America!” the fighter shouted into a megaphone, as the crowd responded: “Death to Mir Alam! Death to Nabi Gechi!” Both of those men are local militia commanders fighting on the side of the government.

The Taliban’s largest victory in years came just over a week before the American commander in Afghanistan, Gen. John F. Campbell, is expected to return to Washington to testify before Congress about the course of the war and what America’s continued involvement should be. Some 10,000 American troops are in the country, many of them focused on training or advising the Afghan forces, and the White House has not yet decided whether to keep a force of that number here for another year or begin pulling them from the country in the coming months.

Hanging over that briefing will be the fall of a significant Afghan regional center that came about not so much because of an overwhelming offensive by the Taliban but because of a collapse under pressure by the country’s Western-trained security forces.

For a year, local officials had been sounding the alarm about the insurgents’ advance toward Kunduz, even as some Afghan and Western officials had sought to describe the Taliban’s gains in Afghanistan as marginal and largely confined to rural areas, far from population centers.

One security official briefed on the situation in Kunduz estimated that the Taliban force in the city numbered 500, a small fraction of the thousands of government security forces and allied militiamen based in the city and in the surrounding areas.

A district governor who had retreated to the airport on Monday, Zalmai Farooqi, estimated that the government may have had as many as 7,000 troops in the area. “The problem wasn’t lack of security forces,” Mr. Farooqi said, “but there was no good leadership to command these men.”

Now, the fall of Kunduz, which was one of the centers of the American troop surge five years ago, stands as a direct challenge to assurances by American and Afghan officials that the Afghan security forces can hold the country’s most important cities.

The city of Kunduz, the capital of Kunduz Province, is an important northern hub of just over 300,000 residents, according to one Afghan government population estimate from 2013, although there has been a large outflow of refugees this past year and the population is probably lower now.

Despite the city’s encirclement over the past few months, there appears to have been little effort by the NATO-trained Afghan security forces to dislodge insurgents from the city’s outskirts.

Mohammad Yousuf Ayoubi, the head of the Kunduz provincial council, said that no major government offensive or reinforcement of the city had been taken up recently, even though it was clear the Taliban had been massing at the city’s gates for months. He said 70 percent of the province outside the city also remained under Taliban control.

“The central government is neglecting Kunduz and its people,” Mr. Ayoubi said. “The local officials are incompetent, which is a major reason for the presence of the Taliban.”

Mr. Alam, one of the main militia commanders involved in the city’s defense, said he was retreating to his stronghold north of the city. Mr. Alam, who is believed to have hundreds and perhaps thousands of men in his network, said the government had called on neighboring provinces to each send 350 men as reinforcements, but few appeared to have done so.

“Those provinces had their own security problems,” Mr. Alam said by phone. “How could they send their reserved units to Kunduz? I don’t see any reinforcement coming to retake Kunduz City back.”

By Monday night, however, other officials reported that convoys of reinforcements had begun to gather at the Kunduz airport, south of the city, where a large force of Afghan commandos had landed as well.

Still in question was what the American military might do to help in the effort. American officials reached for comment Monday night would not discuss what kind of response was being considered.

But even as American warplanes have heavily bombed Taliban positions in southern Helmand Province in recent months, it remained to be seen whether General Campbell would order airstrikes — and risk civilian casualties — around one of Afghanistan’s larger cities.

It is possible that a counterattack by Afghan commandos to seize the city would bring American forces into proximity with the fighting. American Special Forces remain attached with commando units as advisers and often appear on the battlefield to direct air support.

The collapse of a major city could not have come at a worse time for President Ghani, or at a better one for the new leader of the Taliban, Mullah Akhtar Muhammad Mansour.

Mr. Ghani, who completes one year in office on Tuesday, has found himself under significant public pressure, as his national unity government has remained stagnant on almost every front.

For Mullah Mansour, however, the capture of a major city, which eluded the Taliban’s late leader, Mullah Muhammad Omar, will help cement his legitimacy as the insurgency’s leader. He has struggled with dissent in the ranks ever since Mullah Omar’s death was confirmed in late July — along with revelations that he had actually died two years before and that Mullah Mansour had been running the movement in his name.

That Mr. Mansour’s forces — led locally by the Taliban shadow governor for Kunduz Province, Mullah Abdul Salam — managed to overrun a major city far from the insurgent strongholds near the Pakistani border will be a point well noticed by his challengers within the movement.

The fall of Kunduz, a major gateway to northern neighboring countries like Tajikistan, is likely to have repercussions for the spread of the insurgency and the morale of the Afghan security forces, the political analyst Haroun Mir said. Most notably, the Taliban have managed to puncture the main narrative of the Afghan government: that although violence may have spread in the countryside, the insurgency lacked the strength to threaten cities.

Similar collapses of major cities in the 1990s, when the Taliban made their first appearance, proved catastrophic to the incumbent government at the time, shattering the morale of its security forces.

“The Taliban don’t need to try to hold on to the city with heavy casualties, and the way they have acted — loot banks, burn buildings — shows they don’t plan to hold it, either,” Mr. Mir said. “They don’t have the manpower in the north to hold a city as big as Kunduz. But they have achieved what they wanted, which is to strike a major blow to the government.”

The fighting in Kunduz began at dawn on Monday, with bands of Taliban fighters advancing from three directions, said Sayed Sarwar Hussaini, a spokesman for the Kunduz provincial police. In some places, the insurgents fought police forces, but in other neighborhoods, their advance was mostly unopposed.

By early morning the Taliban had already raised their white flag in parts of the city and had reached the central hospital in the Seh Darak neighborhood.

A doctor in the hospital said by telephone that after searching room to room for wounded members of the Afghan security forces, the insurgents posed for photos, apparently as proof that they had been there, and left.

Abdullah Khan, who works as a mechanic, said the militants had faced little resistance in his neighborhood.

“It was around 7 a.m. when six or seven Taliban fighters raised their flag in the main roundabout and people started fleeing,” Mr. Khan said.

Throughout the day, pictures circulated on social media of gunmen standing in the street carrying white flags. Using mosque loudspeakers, Taliban fighters claimed they would capture the city, one security official briefed on the events in Kunduz said.

While Taliban checkpoints blocked most roads out of the city, some families were fleeing the city by a side road that appeared to be open.

神學士攻陷大城 美軍助阿富汗反攻

阿富汗神學士部隊捲土重來，28日拿下該國北部戰略重鎮昆都茲，是2011年神學士政權垮台以來首次拿下省會級大城。阿富汗政府軍29日立即在美軍空中支援下展開反攻。

對阿富汗總統甘尼而言，昆都茲陷落是個重大打擊，因為29日剛好是甘尼上台一周年，這也讓外界對於阿富汗政府軍獨自對抗神學士的能力有所質疑。

甘尼29日在全國電視演說中表示，政府已派援軍已收復昆都茲城內部分據點，他指控神學士利用平民作為人肉盾牌阻擋政府軍。

阿富汗政府宣稱已奪回昆都茲監獄、警察總部等。但當地民眾說，仍見到神學士成員在街頭巡邏，城內銀行、醫院、政府大樓等都還在神學士手中。

神學士組織7月31日才宣布，由已故領袖奧瑪的副手曼蘇爾為新領袖。曼蘇爾剛上台，神學士就攻城掠地，對他的聲望大有助益。他已發表聲明，表示神學士是在真主援助下拿下昆都茲，呼籲當地卅萬居民無須憂心生命財產安全。

紐約時報說，美軍雖然在2001年推翻神學士政權，但神學士仍占領許多鄉村地區。在昆都茲省，除了首府昆都茲，鄉村地區如今七成都被神學士控制。

昆都茲市附近最近幾個月一直有神學士部隊伺機攻城。28日兵分三路攻進昆都茲的神學士估計只有兩千人，當地守軍人數較多，卻遭擊退，援軍也沒有及時趕到，政府軍戰力和指揮都遭質疑。守軍指揮官辯稱，因擔心平民受害才主動撤往市郊機場等據點。

目前美軍在阿富汗只有一萬人左右，多半從事訓練阿富汗政府軍和戰略顧問工作。美國尚未決定是否繼續維持當地美軍人數。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/world/asia/taliban-fighters-enter-city-of-kunduz-in-northern-afghanistan.html

Video：Security personnel attempted to defend the city in northern Afghanistan after Taliban fighters launched an assault on Monday, raising their flag in at least one neighborhood.
http://www.nytimes.com/video/world/middleeast/100000003942734/afghan-forces-are-pushed-back-in-kunduz.html

2015-09-30．聯合報．A13．國際．編譯陳韋廷