Battling Crime and Calories at F.B.I. (Fit Bureau of Investigation)
By MICHAEL S. SCHMIDT

WASHINGTON — F.B.I. agents are on the front lines of the fight to protect the United States from Islamic terrorists, Russian hackers and Chinese spies.

Now they have something far more personal to worry about: their waists.

For the first time in 16 years, the F.B.I. is requiring that its agents pass a fitness test.

“The lives of your colleagues and those you protect may well depend upon your ability to run, fight and shoot, no matter what job you hold,” James B. Comey, the F.B.I. director, said in October in an internal memo to agents that was obtained by The New York Times.

The agents, Mr. Comey said, are symbols to Americans of what is “right and good” about the country. “I want you to look like the squared-away object of that reverence. I want the American people to be able to take one glance at you and think, ‘THERE is a special agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.’ ”

The fitness tests, which started at the end of last year, are a return to a tradition begun by the F.B.I.’s first director, J. Edgar Hoover, who obsessed about his agents’ weight, as well his own considerable girth. More significantly, the tests are a response to concerns throughout the bureau about how its transformation after the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, has put more stress on the agents and given them less time for fitness.

After the attacks, many agents who were accustomed to working normal hours and had spent their entire careers investigating crimes like gang violence or drugs — work that took them into the field to make arrests — began working 20-hour days as the F.B.I. changed its primary mission to fighting terrorism. Many agents were sent to Iraq and Afghanistan.

Around the same time, the bureau drastically expanded its efforts in two areas that emphasized long desk hours: cybersecurity and intelligence.

The increased demands manifested themselves in different ways. Some agents put on weight, while some suffered from anxiety and depression. “You could see that health and fitness was not the priority it used to be,” said Zachary Lowe Jr., the chief of instruction at the F.B.I.’s academy in Quantico, Va., which created the test.

The F.B.I.’s 13,500 agents worldwide have until October to take it and the results will be included on their annual performance reviews. The test is primarily designed to ensure that agents can move quickly during a mass shooting, chase suspects and restrain them if they resist arrest. There are no weight limits, but agents have to achieve certain requirements in four different exercises depending on their age and gender. The threshold to pass is not nearly as high as it is for military commandos or hostage rescue-team members.

For instance, male agents ages 30 to 39 must perform 24 push-ups without stopping and 35 situps in a minute. They have to sprint 300 meters in less than a minute and run a mile and a half in 12 minutes and 53 seconds.

The most challenging part of the test, agents said, is that they get only a five-minute break between exercises. Men are typically better at the push-ups than situps, but it is the reverse for women. Everyone struggles with the sprint.

So far, there has not been a stampede to take the test, including at the Washington office, where only 75 of 800 agents have subjected themselves to it (all passed). Although the F.B.I. has never had the kind of fitness culture of, say, the Marines, the agents are competitive, and many who have put off the test are working for higher scores.

“It’s really not that hard,” said Jennifer Schick, a public corruption agent at the F.B.I.’s Washington field office who also oversees fitness training and tests. “Most agents wouldn’t be satisfied in just coming out and making the minimum. They would be embarrassed by that, and that is why they’re waiting.”

To help them prepare, the F.B.I. is offering training sessions like one on the National Mall at sunrise on Friday, when Ms. Schick stood over a dozen agents who did push-ups until their bodies collapsed to the ground in exhaustion. They did lunges to build leg strength and ran wind sprints. “Unfortunately, some people told me they are embarrassed to come and show other people how out of shape they are, and that’s a shame because they are the ones who really need it,” Ms. Schick said.

Agents faced mandatory tests in the 1980s and 1990s, amid concerns that law enforcement officers faced additional health issues because of the stresses of their jobs. The bureau stopped making the test mandatory in 1999, as it begun a study of its effectiveness. In the years after the 2001 attacks, it was pretty hard to get anyone at headquarters to give much attention to fitness.

Mr. Comey got the idea for it when he visited all of the F.B.I.’s field offices after becoming the director in 2013. Morale was low, and Mr. Comey began asking his deputies about the types of fitness requirements the agents had to meet. They said that fitness standards were strictly enforced for new agents, but that the same was not done for current agents. Mr. Comey believed that reinstituting the test would send the message about the importance of fitness, stress management and work-life balance. He does not have to take the test because he is not an agent.

The bureau began formally training its agents in the 1920s, but it is not clear how much of that included physical fitness, according to John Fox, the F.B.I.’s chief historian.

But by the 1950s, Hoover began agitating about his weight and the weight of his agents. According to “Hoover’s F.B.I.: The Inside Story by Hoover’s Trusted Lieutenant,” by Cartha D. DeLoach, Hoover was getting dressed for a dinner at the White House when he noticed his tuxedo pants were tight. The next day, he began a diet, eliminating starches and desserts but continuing to drink Jack Daniel’s.

The same day he started his diet — apparently believing that his own weight problems were a sign that his agents needed to get in shape — he sent out a dispatch to agents across the country, telling them that they would face surprise weigh-ins.

“Most agents were in excellent physical condition and well within the prescribed limits,” wrote Mr. DeLoach, the Hoover lieutenant. “But many agents — particularly former college or professional athletes who had not stayed in condition — found it tough going.”

At headquarters, Hoover took it upon himself to weigh in the bureau’s top executives, including on at least one occasion Mr. DeLoach. “All of us were overweight,” Mr. DeLoach said. “Hoover watched the weigh-in, glowering at us in disgust.” But Hoover, he said, “never got on a scale for anyone, and we noticed that he didn’t seem to get any smaller around the waist either.”

Even in his final years as director, Hoover would not let the issue go, according to “The Real J. Edgar Hoover: For the Record,” by another one of his longtime deputies, Ray Wannall. At a banquet for retired agents in 1971, Hoover was honored and he gave some remarks. “Taking note somewhat obliquely of his weight program,” Mr. Wannall wrote, “he looked over the audience of ex-agents no longer burdened by the program and said, ‘I recognize the faces but the bodies are not familiar.’ ”

FBI幹員發福 16年首次體能測驗

紐約時報報導，自從2001年911恐怖攻擊事件後，美國聯邦調查局（FBI）幹員忙著反恐，無暇運動，有人因此發胖或得憂鬱症，因此FBI十六年來首度要求幹員通過體能測驗。

紐時取得FBI局長柯米去年十月寫給幹員的內部文件，柯米寫道：「不論你在FBI的職位是什麼，你同事和你保護的人是生是死，取決於你奔跑、戰鬥和射擊的能力。」

許多FBI幹員原本工時正常，負責調查幫派滋事或毒品等刑事案件，911事件後，FBI主要任務變成打擊恐怖主義，這些幹員為了追捕嫌犯，工時往往拉長到廿小時；此外，FBI還擴大「網路安全」和「情報」業務，兩者都需要幹員在辦公室久坐。有些幹員因此發福，有些變得焦慮或憂鬱。

體能測驗去年底展開，FBI全球一萬三千五百名幹員必須在今年十月前完成，測驗成績列入年度考評。測驗旨在確保幹員能在大規模槍擊案發生時快速移動，追捕嫌犯，並在嫌犯拒捕時制伏他們。FBI對幹員體重不設限，不過幹員必須在四種運動項目達到特定的要求，要求不像突擊隊員或人質救援小組來得嚴。

項目依幹員的年齡和性別而定，例如卅到卅九歲男性幹員須在一分鐘內連續不間斷地做完廿四下伏地挺身；一分鐘做完卅五下仰臥起坐；在不到一分鐘時間內短跑三百公尺；在十二分鐘五十三秒內跑完一點五哩（約二點四公里）。

到目前為止，完成測驗的幹員不多，FBI華府辦公室八百人之中僅七十五人完成，許多人延後完成是為了鍛鍊體能，取得高分。負責測驗事務的幹員珍妮佛．席克說：「測驗真的沒那麼難，多數幹員不會只求低分通過，這樣他們會覺得丟臉。」

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/06/us/battling-crime-and-calories-at-fbi-fit-bureau-of-investigation.html

2015-04-07．聯合報．A13．國際．編譯李京倫