In France, a Reckoning With an Inglorious Past
法國清算不光彩的過去
By Maia de la Baume

PARIS – The 1942 telegram signed by one of the highest officials of the collaborationist Vichy regime urged prefects in unoccupied France “personally” to supervise the transfer of thousands of Jews to deportation camps.
1942年的這則電報，是由通敵的維琪政權最高階官員之一署名，督促法國非德國占領地區的地方長官，在移送數千名猶太人前往遣返營時，務必「親自」監督。

“The head of state wants you to take personal control of the measures taken with regard to the foreign Jews,” wrote René Bousquet, who was Vichy’s chief of police at the time. “You should not hesitate to destroy any resistance you may encounter among these populations.”
時為維琪政權警察總長的布斯凱寫道：「國家元首要求你們親自掌控與外國猶太人相關的措施。你們必須斷然消滅可能在這些人中遭遇的所有抵抗。」

The telegram was part of Bousquet’s legal file after he was formally accused in 1989 of crimes against humanity for orchestrating the roundup of Jews and for ordering the deportation of Jewish children. (He had largely escaped punishment for his collaboration just after the war, but was murdered in 1993 while the charges were being investigated.)
電報是布斯凱1989年正式被控違反人道（危害人類）的法律文件之一，他被控策畫逮捕與集合猶太人，以及下令驅逐猶太兒童。（戰後他大抵未因通敵而受懲，但在1993年，也就是調查這些罪名的期間遭到謀殺。）

The typewritten telegram, whose paper has turned yellow with age, is part of 300 documents, including letters, photos, personal items, posters, police files and books that are on display at a new exhibition at the National Archives museum here.
這通打字電報紙張因年代久遠而泛黃，是此間（巴黎）國家檔案館新展覽展出的300件文件之一，其他尚有信件、照片、個人物品、海報、警方檔案和書籍。

The exhibition, called “Collaboration 1940-1945” and on view through March 2, is one of the first devoted to its subject. It is part of the commemorations on the 70th anniversary of France’s liberation from Nazi rule.
名為「通敵1940-1945」的展覽展到3月2日，是以通敵為主題的首個展覽之一，也是法國從納粹統治解放70周年的紀念活動之一。

The subject of collaboration has recently been explored in books, movies, documentaries and even television series, like “Un Village Français,” which started in 2009. It is part of a broader reckoning by France of its inglorious past.
法國的書籍、電影、紀錄片，甚至2009年開播的電視連續劇「法國小鎮」，邇來一直在探討通敵這項主題。它也是法國清算不光彩過去的更大行動的一環。

The French perception of how the country behaved during the occupation has changed. France was initially portrayed as a nation of resisters, but by the 1990s, President Jacques Chirac was citing the nation’s “collective wrongdoing.”
法國人對占領期間法國的作為，在觀點上已起了變化。法國最初將自己描繪成是一個抵抗者國家，但到了1990年代，總統席哈克指出法國曾涉及「集體不當行為」。

Today, historians define France’s collaboration as a political, administrative, economic, military, ideological and cultural alliance with the Nazis. But “behaviors differed” among individuals, said Denis Peschanski, one of the curators.
如今，歷史學家將法國那段通敵的歷史，定義為法國與納粹的政治、行政、經濟、軍事、思想、文化結盟。不過，策展人之一佩桑斯基說，個人各有「不同的行為」。

Mr. Peschanski said the exhibition distinguishes between collaborationists and collaborators – “between those who were entirely allied with the occupier and those who accommodated to the circumstances.” The collaborationists did not merely assist the Germans by following orders from Vichy or by seeking personal profit, but rather sought to achieve France’s resurgence through Nazi rule, he said.
佩桑斯基說，展覽將通敵者與合作者作了區隔，「有人是徹底與占領者同盟，有人僅是順應環境」。他說，通敵者不僅是對維琪政權唯命是從，或為了追求個人利益而協助德國，還尋求透過納粹統治讓法國再起。

Despite its provocative focus, the show has drawn a muted but largely positive response in France. The show traces the chronology of collaboration, from the armistice signed with Germany in 1940 to the treason trial of Marshal Philippe Pétain, head of the Vichy regime, in 1945. Visitors walk through corridors to the sounds of wartime songs and speeches by Pétain and Pierre Laval, Vichy’s chief minister.
儘管展覽的焦點極富挑釁意味，展覽已在法國引起無聲但大抵正面的回應。展覽按照時間順序追溯通敵的歷史。從法國1940年與德國簽署停戰協議，直到1945年維琪政權首腦貝當元帥的叛國罪審判。參觀者穿越走廊，即會聽到戰時的歌曲，以及貝當和維琪政權首席部長拉瓦爾的演說。

Some documents are being displayed publicly for the first time. These include a letter from the novelist Louis-Ferdinand Céline congratulating Lucien Rebatet, a collaborationist writer, for his pamphlet “Les Décombres,” or “The Ruins,” which urged killing Jews.
有些文件是首次展出。這些文件包括小說家路易-費迪南．塞利納寫給通敵作家呂西安．赫巴泰的信，祝賀他完成了《毀滅》，赫巴泰在這本小冊子中呼籲殺死猶太人。

The historian Tal Bruttmann said the exhibition shows the importance of ideology in collaboration. “In France, we have long thought that collaboration wasn’t an ideological commitment – we believed that collaborators were crooks,” he said. “But there were also French Nazis.”
歷史學家布赫特曼說，展覽說明意識型態在通敵中舉足輕重。他說：「在法國，我們長期以來認為通敵不是一種意識形態的認同，我們認為合作者是壞蛋，其實也有法國的納粹分子。」

Among the rare images is a photo of Hitler’s ambassador to Vichy, Otto Abetz, with Pétain and Laval. The photo was taken only hours before Pétain shook Hitler’s hand.
在難得一見的照片中，有一張是希特勒駐維琪政權大使亞貝茲與貝當和拉瓦爾的合照。照片攝於貝當與希特勒握手的數小時前。

In another photo, taken on July 3, 1942, Pétain, Laval and Bousquet, the police chief, are seen walking out of the minister’s council in Paris just after Laval announced the mass arrest of Jews known as the Vel d’Hiv roundup.
另一張攝於1942年7月3日的照片，則見到貝當、拉瓦爾和警察總長布斯凱三人從巴黎部長會議走出，就在那之前，拉瓦爾宣布大舉逮捕猶太人，也是外界熟知的「冬日自行車體育場」大集合，大批猶太人曾在那裡遭到短期禁閉。

Within days, more than 13,000 people were seized for deportation to death camps.
數天內，超過1萬3000人被捕，最後被遣送至死亡集中營。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/16/arts/design/france-confronts-an-ignoble-chapter.html

2014-12-30聯合報/G5版/UNITED DAILY NEWS 王麗娟譯 原文參見紐時週報十二版下