Loved and Hated, Former Premier of Thailand Is Erased From Textbook
By THOMAS FULLER

BANGKOK — His legacy is inseparable from the past decade of political tumult in Thailand, but high school students will not find the name Thaksin Shinawatra in the history textbooks that the country’s military junta recently ordered schools to use.

Mr. Thaksin’s name was scrubbed from the book by the Ministry of Education, said the textbook’s author, Thanom Anarmwat.

“The officials at the ministry just deleted it, cut it,” he said.

Mr. Thaksin (pronounced TAHK-sin) elicits love or hate in Thailand and not much in between.

To members of the Bangkok establishment who supported the May military coup, which ousted an elected government backed by Mr. Thaksin, he is seen as venal, corrupt and, perhaps most of all, a threat to their power.

To his supporters, Mr. Thaksin was the first politician in Thailand to focus on the needs of voters outside Bangkok and gain their allegiance by delivering universal health care, microloans and more efficient government services.

The generals, who have seized power twice in the past decade, say they are not taking sides. But in addition to abolishing elections and banning political activities, they have purged the bureaucracy of those seen to be loyal to Mr. Thaksin.

The Education Ministry’s order last month that all public high schools use the new textbook is part of a broader effort to instill patriotism in Thai youth. The junta has ordered a new school curriculum that underlines what are seen to be the unifying themes of the monarchy and the glories of the ancient kingdoms of Siam, as Thailand was formerly known.

There are numerous examples, especially in Asia, of government deletions of undesirable facts and faces from official history. In China, history textbooks do not mention the military crackdown on the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square, and many young people know little or nothing about it. In North Korea, the uncle of Kim Jong-un, the country’s leader, was edited out of state television footage after the uncle was executed last year.

Thai history textbooks have very little coverage of the leftist movements of the 1960s and 1970s and the government’s efforts to suppress them.

But in today’s Thailand — plugged into the world, freewheeling and linked through social media technologies beyond the government’s control — it is unclear to what degree the military can erase the society’s deep divisions from the public’s consciousness.

“This is very much the usual practice of Thai elite,” said Charnvit Kasetsiri, former rector of the prestigious Thammasat University. “But it will be difficult because of social media and because it is not that easy to control the thinking of the masses, especially educated youth.”

Chris Baker, a leading authority on Thai history, sees the historical censorship as misguided.

“Snipping history like this is straight out of the handbook of totalitarian regimes,” he said. “I think doing this in a society that has become as open as Thailand is counterproductive, because people will notice the absence.”

The government has not announced or explained the deletion.

Winai Rodjay, who was appointed by the military government as chairman of a committee on the teaching of history and civic duty, said the omission of Mr. Thaksin was an aberration. But he could not explain how it had happened or why.

“I think the editor may have cut it,” he said, adding that he would prefer that Mr. Thaksin’s name be inserted the next time the textbook was revised.

Under the new curriculum, students will learn more about the meaning and symbolism of Thailand’s tricolor national flag, and songs such as the king’s anthem will be played in schools.

Schoolchildren will be trained to act as ambassadors of patriotic spirit, Mr. Winai said. He gave the hypothetical example of students reprimanding adults who fail to stand at attention during the national anthem, which is played on radio stations and on public broadcast systems at 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. daily.

“The students might go and ask, ‘Why aren’t you standing straight when the national anthem is played?’ ” he said.

The junta has issued a list of 12 values for the country, including gratitude toward parents, discipline, morality and the maintaining of “physical and mental strength against greed.” Large banners bearing the list are being posted at schools nationwide.

The Education Ministry has also introduced a “merit passport,” in which students must keep a record of their behavior and attitudes.

Before the coup, schools were allowed to choose from a variety of history textbooks.

The one that is now the standard had been commissioned by the previous military junta, which seized power from Mr. Thaksin in 2006. The previous edition mentioned Mr. Thaksin at least seven times.

The new text covers the political history of Thailand’s past two decades in five pages, citing the names of many previous prime ministers and other protagonists, including Sonthi Boonyaratglin, the general who overthrew Mr. Thaksin in 2006.

Although it does not name Mr. Thaksin or his political party, it describes “a government” that used “many policies designed to gain popularity from people through huge budgets.”

Mr. Thaksin was in power from 2001 to 2006, and his political movement has won every election in the past decade and a half, including a number of landslides. His sister, Yingluck Shinawatra, was prime minister from 2011 until she was removed from office in May.

Without mentioning either sibling, the textbook does touch on the opposition to Mr. Thaksin’s rule. A subheading describes the protests that preceded his ouster as “the people’s movement against dictatorial power, corruption and embezzlement.”

Mr. Thanom, the textbook author, said that many people might dislike Mr. Thaksin but that he should not be deleted from history.

“History is fact,” he said. “Mistakes or lesson learned — we have to tell our young people. They must know about it. We shouldn’t just delete

泰國新版教科書 塔信、盈拉「消失」

紐約時報報導，泰國軍政府教育部上個月要求全國公立高中一律採用新版歷史教科書，書中完全不提兩位前總理塔信和他胞妹盈拉的名字。

新版教科書作者泰南說：「教育部官員把提到塔信的段落刪掉了。」泰國政府既未公開宣布刪除這些段落，也未解釋原因。

軍政府任命的「歷史與公民義務教育委員會」主委文奈說，歷史教科書遺漏塔信是偶發事件，「我猜是編輯刪的」，等到再版時修訂就好了。

在今年五月軍方政變前，泰國學校可自行決定要採用哪個版本的歷史教科書。現任軍政府指定版本的前一版，是2006年推翻塔信後上台的前任軍政府委託撰寫，書中至少提到塔信七次。

新版指定用書以五頁篇幅交代泰國最近廿年的歷史，提到許多前總理和政壇重要人物，包括2006年推翻塔信的陸軍總司令宋提。書中隻字不提塔信和他創立的「泰愛泰黨」，只寫道「有個政府花大錢用許多政策收買人心」。

塔信從2001年到2006年擔任總理，最近十五年，他的人馬贏得每一場選舉，其中許多次是壓倒性獲勝。他的妹妹盈拉2011年當上總理，今年五月遭軍方解職。

新版教科書對於塔信、盈拉隻字未提，卻談到反塔信運動。有個副標題把人民對塔信總理的抗議活動說成「反對獨裁、貪汙和挪用公款的人民運動」。

泰國國立法政大學知名史學家參威德說：「控制教科書內容是泰國菁英慣用的手法，不過在現代社會很難奏效，因為社群網站發達，而且要控制大眾的思想（尤其是受過教育的年輕人）並不容易。」

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/world/asia/loved-and-hated-thaksin-shinawatra-former-premier-of-thailand-is-erased-from-textbook.html

紐約時報中文版翻譯：
http://cn.nytimes.com/asia-pacific/20140917/c17thaksin/zh-hant/

2014-09-17．聯合報．A13．國際．編譯李京倫