Who Made That Black Box?
By DANIEL ENGBER

Let’s get one thing clear: The “black box” isn’t black. It’s orange. Before airlines made that color standard for their flight recorders, some Boeings used a yellow sphere, and the British had a gizmo called the Red Egg. So why do they call it “black”? One explanation goes this way: In 1939, an aviation engineer named François Hussenot devised a means of capturing an aircraft’s history to a box of photographic film. Onboard sensors flashed into the box through calibrated mirrors and traced a running tab of flight parameters, including altitude, air speed and the position of the cockpit controls. Because the device worked like a camera, its insides had to be in total darkness; thus, perhaps, the “black”-ness of the box.

Hussenot is said to have thought his box so important that he buried a prototype in the sand dunes near the coast of Aquitaine in June 1940 to keep it out of German hands. After the war, technology for flight recorders became widespread. Some devices used photography; others scratched the data onto spools of metal foil. None recorded cockpit audio, however.

Then in 1953, an Australian chemist named David Warren was asked to help find the cause of recent jet-plane crashes. “I kept thinking to myself . . . If only we could recapture those last few seconds,” he told an interviewer in 1985, “it would save all this argument and uncertainty.” Warren’s version of the device stored audio to a bobbin of magnetized steel wire. In his telling, the name “black box” came from a British government official, who in 1958 referred to it using W.W.II-era Air Force slang for subtle avionics.

By the mid-1960s, flight-data and cockpit voice recorders were mandatory for commercial airplanes. Photographic film and magnetic wire were replaced by other storage media, including solid-state memory (the kind used in flash drives). Some have advocated that black boxes should beam their data up to satellites as a flight progresses. Black boxes must be painted orange or bright yellow, but they needn’t look like boxes. According to Federal Aviation Administration regulations, the device may come in a variety of shapes — including spheres, cylinders and domes — so long as it’s not too small for investigators to find among the plane’s debris. (Built-in homing devices help.) It should have a label on its side, with letters at least one inch high that spell out: “FLIGHT RECORDER — DO NOT OPEN.”

黑盒子 其實是橘色

飛航資料記錄器由「座艙通話器」與「飛航記錄儀」組成，兩者均俗稱黑盒子，但它不黑，而是橘色。黑盒子的顏色統一前，波音曾將它塗成黃色，而英國人叫它「紅蛋」。

為何稱黑盒子？有一說指法國航空工程師余瑟諾1939年利用類似攝影的方式，透過感應器及鏡面反射記錄飛行資料，包括高度、時速和駕駛艙情況。此原理類似照相機，兩者內部皆需全黑，故稱「黑」盒子。

澳洲化學家華倫1953年負責調查一起空難，他想到「若能記錄事發前幾秒的情況」，就能解開許多謎團。華倫版的黑盒子利用磁性鋼線圈記綠聲音。1960年代中期，黑盒子成為商用飛機的必要裝備。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/magazine/who-made-that-black-box.html

2014-04-07．聯合報．A13．國際．陳韻涵輯譯