China Also Exports Pollution to Western U.S., Study Finds
By EDWARD WONG

BEIJING — Filthy emissions from China’s export industries are carried across the Pacific Ocean and contribute to air pollution in the Western United States, according to a paper published Monday by a prominent American science journal.

The research is the first to quantify how air pollution in the United States is affected by China’s production of goods for export and by global consumer demand for those goods, the study’s authors say. It was written by nine scholars based in three nations and was published by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, which last year published a paper by other researchers that found a drop in life spans in northern China because of air pollution.

The latest paper explores the environmental consequences of interconnected economies. The scientists wrote that “outsourcing production to China does not always relieve consumers in the United States — or for that matter many countries in the Northern Hemisphere — from the environmental impacts of air pollution.”

The movement of air pollutants associated with the production of goods in China for the American market has resulted in a decline in air quality in the Western United States, the scientists wrote, though less manufacturing in the United States does mean cleaner air in the American East.

Jintai Lin, the lead author of the paper, said in an interview that he and the other scientists wanted to examine the transborder effects of emissions from export industries to look at how consumption contributes to global air pollution.

“We’re focusing on the trade impact,” said Mr. Lin, a professor in the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences at Peking University’s School of Physics. “Trade changes the location of production and thus affects emissions.”

Powerful global winds called westerlies can carry pollutants from China across the Pacific within days, leading to “dangerous spikes in contaminants,” especially during the spring, according to a news release from the University of California, Irvine, where one of the study’s co-authors, Steven J. Davis, is an earth system scientist. “Dust, ozone and carbon can accumulate in valleys and basins in California and other Western states,” the statement said.

Black carbon is a particular problem because rain does not wash it out of the atmosphere, so it persists across long distances, the statement said. Black carbon is linked to asthma, cancer, emphysema, and heart and lung disease.

“Los Angeles experiences at least one extra day a year of smog that exceeds federal ozone limits because of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide emitted by Chinese factories making goods for export,” the statement said.

Using a modeling system called GEOS-Chem, the scientists estimated that in 2006, sulfate concentrations in the Western United States increased as much as 2 percent, and ozone and carbon monoxide levels also increased slightly because of the transportation of pollutants from emissions that resulted from the manufacture of goods for export to the United States. Because the Eastern United States has a much denser population, the outsourcing of manufacturing to China still resulted in “an overall beneficial effect for the U.S. public health,” even if Western states suffered, the scientists wrote.

The amount of air pollution in the Western United States resulting from emissions from China is still very small compared with the amount produced by sources in the United States that include traffic and domestic industries.

The study’s scientists also looked at the impact of China’s export industries on its own air quality. They estimated that in 2006, China’s exporting of goods to the United States was responsible for 7.4 percent of production-based Chinese emissions for sulfur dioxide, 5.7 percent for nitrogen oxides, 3.6 percent for black carbon and 4.6 percent for carbon monoxide.

The interdisciplinary research project was begun two and a half years ago by scholars in Britain, China and the United States. The group included economists as well as earth and environmental scientists. The methodology applied various analyses and modeling to the Chinese economy and to the earth’s atmosphere and weather patterns.

The scholars who gave emissions estimates for China’s export industries, a significant part of the country’s economy, looked at data from 42 sectors that are direct or indirect contributors to emissions. They included steel and cement production, power generation and transportation. Coal-burning factories were the biggest sources of pollutants and greenhouse gases, which contribute to global warming.

In recent years, scholars have been studying the impact of China’s total emissions on global air pollution and warming. Residents of nations in the path of winds carrying pollutants from China have grown alarmed at what they believe to be deteriorating air quality in their countries because of that pollution. In Japan, for instance, an environmental engineer has attributed a mysterious pestilence that is killing trees on Yakushima Island to pollutants from China.

Alex L. Wang, a law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, who studies Chinese environmental policy, said after reading the new paper: “This is a reminder to us that a significant percentage of China’s emissions of traditional pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions are connected to the products we buy and use every day in the U.S. We should be concerned, not only because this pollution is harming the citizens of China, but because it’s damaging the air quality in parts of the U.S.”

Mr. Lin, the report’s lead author, said he hoped that the research would stimulate discussion of adopting consumption-based accounting of emissions, rather than just production-based accounting.

Exports accounted for 24.1 percent of China’s entire economic output last year, down sharply from a peak of 35 percent in 2007, before the global financial crisis began to weaken overseas demand even as China’s domestic economy continued to grow. The 2013 number takes into account economic data that was released on Monday.

Economists caution that this does not mean that a quarter of the economy was dedicated to producing goods for exports, since China still does a lot of reprocessing instead of making exports entirely itself.

But the proportion of China’s exports that are made in China has risen steadily in recent years as many companies move more of their supply chains, instead of just having final assembly work done here. So the overall percentages of economic output might not by themselves be fair indicators of the importance of exports to the Chinese economy.

Chinese exports to the United States sagged in 2009 because of the global financial crisis but have resumed vigorous growth. By China’s method of counting, which includes only direct shipments from mainland Chinese ports to the United States and excludes goods that travel by way of Hong Kong, Chinese exports grew to $368.5 billion last year from $252.3 billion in 2008. By contrast, China imported only $152.6 billion worth of goods directly from the United States.

The United States, which does include goods briefly transiting Hong Kong in its trade figures with mainland China, has shown even larger American trade deficits with China for many years, because Chinese companies use Hong Kong heavily for exports but much less for imports.

大陸工廠廢氣「輸出」到美西

美國「國家科學院彙報」20日發表研究報告說，中國工廠排放的廢氣，飄洋過海在美國西岸造成空氣污染，可是這有部分得怪美國的消費主義，因為這些污染是中國工廠製造電視機、玩具、手機和其他出口產品造成的。

紐約時報21日報導，地球上空強大的偏西風，有時幾天內就能把污染物質從中國吹到美西，而這些塵埃、臭氧和碳氣可能聚集在加州等西部各州的谷地和盆地，使空氣惡化到危險地步。

研究結果顯示，加州、俄勒岡、華盛頓州和波特蘭空氣中的污染物質，有時幾有四分之一來自中國。

中國、美國和英國九名學者共同撰寫的研究報告，檢討中國製造出口物資，以及全球對這些物資的消費需求，如何影響美國的空氣污染，並試圖予以量化。

研究報告的主要作者，北京大學的林金泰說，貿易改變了生產地點，也因此影響廢氣排放，而他們希望檢討出口工業廢氣跨越國界的影響，探究消費如何助長全球空氣污染。

報告中說，把工業生產外包到中國，並未使美國以及北半球許多國家的消費者，完全擺脫空氣污染對環境造成的衝擊。

研究報告說，中國為出口排放的污染物質，約有21%與對美出口有關，而中國工廠為美國市場製造產品造成的污染物質，隨風飄洋過海，導致美西空氣品質惡化，雖然美東確因生產作業外移空氣比較乾淨。

不過，與美國的交通和工廠等排放的廢氣相比，中國排放的廢氣在美西空氣污染中所占的分量還很小。

研究結果發現，中國排放的22%一氧化碳和17%黑碳，與製造出口產品有關。黑碳特別令人關切，因為這些煤煙不會被雨水沖掉，會長久存在大氣中飄到遠方，並引發癌症、心臟病、肺病和氣喘。

近年來中國排放的廢氣對全球空氣污染和大氣暖化的影響日益受到關切，位於下風國家的居民更咬定中國的污染物質導致當地空氣品質惡化。日本一名環境工程師即把鹿兒島樹木因神祕病蟲害死亡，怪罪於來自中國的汙染物質。

洛杉磯加州大學法學教授王立德說：「這項報告提醒我們，中國排放的傳統污染物質和溫室效應氣體，有很大的比率與美國人每天購買和使用的產品有關。我們應該感到關切，因為這種污染不只傷害中國人民，也損害美國部分地區的空氣品質。」

林金泰說，他希望這項研究能夠引起討論，以改為根據消費來計算廢氣排放，取代目前廣泛使用的根據生產來計算。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/world/asia/china-also-exports-pollution-to-western-us-study-finds.html

紐約時報中文版翻譯：
http://cn.nytimes.com/science/20140121/c21pollution/en-us/

2014-01-21．聯合晚報．A3．話題．國際新聞組