Hundreds in Peru Balk at Relocation From Site of Mine

By WILLIAM NEUMAN

MOROCOCHA, Peru — High among barren peaks, a Chinese mining company has built the Levittown of the Andes. Long rows of identical attached houses face each other across wide, straight streets, one-third of them still waiting for people to walk through their varnished pine doors and make homes under their slanted red roofs.

The company, Chinalco, which is owned by the Chinese government, built the new town to relocate more than 5,000 people living in nearby Morococha, a century-old mining village. The company plans to demolish Morococha to make way for an enormous open-pit copper mine.

Chinalco has moved close to 700 families since September. But several hundred residents have resisted, staging marches and other protests even as their neighbors load their belongings into moving trucks for the trip to the new town, which has not been named yet; it may ultimately be called Nueva Morococha.

The two towns are only six miles apart — a 15-minute drive — and are at similarly lofty altitudes. Morococha is at about 14,760 feet, and the new settlement is just 650 feet lower, at a spot now called Carhuacoto. But for many, the move is like traveling between two worlds.

Morococha is old, decaying, squalid: a broken window into raw poverty and neglect. It looks as if it had been swept carelessly against the side of an ugly yellow mountain that is full of copper ore, with no regard for where cracked houses and crooked streets came to rest.

Most of the houses have mud walls and leaky, rusting corrugated metal roofs. Residents get water from taps in the streets; in the dry season the taps work only a few hours a day. Many of the townspeople use crude communal latrines.

The new town is all straight lines, fresh paint and smooth paving. There are new schools, churches, a clinic and playgrounds. Each house has running water, supplied by a just-built purification plant. There are showers (though no water heaters), and there are toilets that flush into a new sewage treatment system. Trash is carted away to a new sanitary landfill.

During the day, when most residents are away at work, it is strangely silent and sterile, with the artificial feel of a movie set. Crews of workers in safety orange coveralls and hard hats sweep the otherwise empty streets.

“You can get lost,” said Virginia Valladolid, 45, one of the street sweepers, who moved in several weeks ago and earns $3 a day from Chinalco. It is the first steady job she has ever had. She has a house with a toilet for the first time in her life. She turns on the tap and the water comes out clear, not yellow, as she said it often did in Morococha.

“I don’t miss anything,” Ms. Vallodolid said, reflecting on the 15 years she lived in Morococha. “I lived uncomfortably there.”

But back in Morococha, the resisters, many of them property owners, are holding out, refusing to move or sell their homes.

In an act of defiance, Marcial Salomé, the mayor of Morococha, has gone on a minor building spree, putting up better public toilets and places for people to wash their clothes.

Mr. Salomé said that he and other residents are not opposed to moving the town, but that they want Chinalco to do more in exchange. They want the company to guarantee jobs in the new mine for residents. And they want the company to pay the people of Morococha $300 million for destroying their town.

Mr. Salomé also voiced a key complaint of many who have moved, who say the new houses, with as little as 430 square feet of space, are simply too small. Mr. Salomé pointed to another foreign mining company, Xstrata Copper, which is planning a similar relocation of a town in Peru’s south and has promised to build houses several times as large.

“We want what’s fair,” Mr. Salomé said.

Sonia Ancieta is one of the staunchest holdouts. Her great-grandparents moved to Morococha perhaps 100 years ago. The cemetery is full of her ancestors. She has a large house that she measures at more than 2,000 square feet, including several rental rooms and a store on what used to be a busy street.

Chinalco has offered to compensate business owners for lost income and to pay owners for their houses, but Ms. Ancieta said that what the company is offering is not nearly enough to compensate for her property and her memories.

“For me this represents a great loss,” Ms. Ancieta said. “I was born here. I will lose my identity and many more things because once we leave here we will never return.”

Mining is the single biggest sector of Peru’s economy, accounting for 15 percent of production. Encouraging greater investment in mining is central to President Ollanta Humala’s efforts to improve economic conditions for the more than a quarter of the population that lives in poverty.

But deep poverty persists in Morococha despite the riches that generations of miners have dug from the earth. And then there is the vast no man’s land in front of the town: a former tailings pond that is considered poisoned ground, protected by a fence topped with barbed wire.

The new mine and processing facility, which will strip down the yellow mountain looming behind the town, are expected to produce an average of 248,000 tons of copper a year for 36 years. At today’s prices, that output would be worth more than $1.7 billion a year in revenue.

Ezio Buselli, Chinalco’s vice president of environmental and corporate affairs, would not say how much the company spent to build the new town, but he said the total exceeded the $50 million it had pledged for the project.

He said the new town had the first sewage treatment plant and the first sanitary landfill in the area.

“We are giving the families spectacular treatment,” Mr. Buselli said.

Families have moved into more than half the 1,050 houses in Carhuacoto, he said. He dismissed the holdouts in Morococha as a small group trying to squeeze more money from the company.

“Most people want to get a little more,” Mr. Buselli said.

Visitors to the new town might never know that Chinalco is owned by the Chinese government. No Chinese workers or managers are in evidence. Mr. Buselli said that was intentional. The one other well-known Chinese venture in mining in Peru, an iron mine in the southeastern part of the country operated by Shougang Corporation, is notorious for labor conflicts and environmental problems.

“We have to go a little farther because we come with this reputation that has been very bad in Peru,” Mr. Buselli said.

On a recent morning in Morococha, while a moving van packed up a family’s possessions, a small knot of policemen in riot gear stood casually by in case protesters showed up to block the truck’s departure, as had happened before. None did.

In the immaculate new town, Patricia Cóndor, 34, a dentist, and her husband, Miguel Ángel Cayetano, 32, a pharmacist, were settling into their new home with their two small children. One room was full of boxes of pharmaceuticals; another held a dentist’s chair.

“The kids are happy,” Ms. Cóndor said. “For them, it’s another world.”

The couple decided to leave Morococha only after sales in their pharmacy plummeted because so many of their neighbors had left. “A week or two ago, there wasn’t much movement,” Ms. Cóndor said. “But this week you see people moving, deciding with more certainty, betting on change.”

中國鋁業看上秘魯礦地造鎮移5千人

中國大陸國營中國鋁業公司最近在秘魯百年礦鎮莫洛科哈附近大手筆闢地造鎮，以便搬遷世居莫鎮的5000多名居民，將當地闢為占地遼闊的露天銅礦區。

紐約時報7日報導，中國鋁業打算拆除莫鎮，去年9月至今已有將近700戶當地人家遷往尚未命名的新鎮定居，但同時也引起數百名當地人的強烈反彈及示威抗議。

這2個鎮相距約僅10公里，同樣位於高海拔的山區，然而對許多人而言，它們有如2個截然不同的世界。莫鎮破落老舊，貧窮的居民不但取水不便，而且長期受到秘魯政府漠視。反觀新鎮則道路筆直平坦，配置新建的學校、教堂、診所、遊樂設施、汙水處理系統及一座淨水廠，使家家戶戶都有自來水可用。

白天的新鎮因為多數居民外出工作而顯得特別寧靜，只有穿著橘色工作服的清潔人員在街上打掃。幾個星期前遷入的45歲婦女維吉妮亞‧華洛度里德表示：「你可能會迷路。」她每天可以向中國鋁業支領3美元的薪水，而這也是她所從事第一個穩定的工作。她提到過去15年在莫鎮生活的感受時說：「我毫不懷念。在那裡，生活很不方便。」

然而在莫鎮，以地主居多的反抗者拒絕遷居或賣掉他們的房子。鎮長沙洛梅最近為鎮民興建優於以往的公廁及清洗衣物的場所。他說，他與其他鎮民不反對遷居，但希望中國鋁業以更多具體條件交換，包括保證鎮民可享有新礦區的工作機會，以及提供3億美元的房屋拆除補償。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/07/world/americas/hundreds-in-peru-balk-at-relocating-from-copper-mine-site.html

Video：Relocation in the Andes: Perched in the Peruvian Andes is a new town built by a Chinese mining company to which 5,000 people will be relocated.
http://nyti.ms/VEwU7O

紐時中文版翻譯參照：
http://cn.nytimes.com/article/world/2013/01/08/c08peru/zh-hk/

2013-01-08．聯合報．A14．國際．編譯陳世欽