The Trade-Off That Created Germany’s Job Miracle

By JACK EWING

INGOLSTADT, GERMANY — More than a quarter of the work force in Spain or Greece is without jobs, but this city on the Danube north of Munich has the opposite problem: not enough workers.

Patrick Schulter, 21, weighed three offers recently before choosing a work-study training program at Schabmüller Automobiltechnik, which makes components for Audi and other vehicle manufacturers.

He is not unusual. One of his fellow Schabmüller trainees, 18-year-old Rebecca Hartl, said “None of my friends have any problem getting a job.”

Ingolstadt, with a population of 128,000, provides perhaps the best example of the turnaround that has occurred in the German job market since an overhaul of labor regulations in 2005. Unemployment in Ingolstadt and the surrounding region is just 2.2 percent, the lowest rate in the country. In Eichstätt, a neighboring town, the jobless rate is an almost impossibly low 1.3 percent.

The changes that helped create full employment, and then some, in parts of Germany are often held up as an example that other European countries should emulate.

And yet, as many low-paid Germans would attest, employment and affluence are not necessarily synonymous — as the country’s growing income gap makes clear. Nor are all of those jobs necessarily secure. What is more, a visit to Ingolstadt shows that the low jobless rate is also a result of factors that may not be so easy to duplicate elsewhere.

Even Germany is not immune to Europe’s economic problems. The Ifo business climate index, considered a reliable gauge of the mood in German industry, fell for a fifth month in September, according to data released Monday by the Ifo Institute in Munich. German managers are concerned that the euro zone crisis is depriving them of sales in other parts of Europe.

Like companies all over Germany, though, those in Ingolstadt have prospered from exports beyond Europe — to emerging markets and a general surge in the number of affluent consumers worldwide. Volkswagen’s Audi unit, which is based in Ingolstadt and is by far the biggest employer, now sells more of its high-end cars in China than in Germany or the United States.

The effects of the labor reforms are impossible to disentangle from the results of sound corporate strategy. “It’s hard to say because at the same time the economy recovered,” said Thomas Sigi, a member of the management board at Audi who is in charge of personnel. “German industry prepared itself at the right time for emerging markets.”

Since 2005, when the revamp in labor laws took effect, the jobless rate in Germany has fallen from 13 percent to less than 7 percent. A big factor was a steep cut in jobless benefits that put pressure on people to take even low-wage jobs, and changes that made it easier for companies to hire temporary workers with fewer protections against dismissal.

That is why the country’s job miracle is regarded with curious ambivalence by many Germans. It came at the expense of the comfortable but costly social benefits many Germans treasured.

People had to give up the security of a guaranteed long-term income if they became unemployed. They faced more pressure to take jobs they did not want. Even better-paid workers had to make do with meager pay raises.

As a result, labor costs in Germany have barely budged in the past decade. The wage restraint helped German companies become more competitive on world markets, preventing the loss of manufacturing jobs to Eastern Europe or China. But it also created a bigger gap between rich and poor.

Gerhard Schröder, the chancellor who pushed through the changes in labor rules in the face of bitter opposition within his own center-left party, subsequently lost a re-election bid to Angela Merkel. He has since become a figure of some ridicule because of his business ties to the Russian president, Vladimir V. Putin.

Mr. Schröder’s fate has not been lost on officials in countries like Spain and Italy, who have often dragged their feet on removing sclerotic labor rules. Such changes are unpopular and typically take years to bear fruit, by which time the officials responsible have been kicked out of office.

But for all the drawbacks, by most measures Ingolstadt has undergone a remarkable transition. It was once regarded as a somewhat blighted corner of Bavaria, perhaps most famous as the place where the fictional Dr. Frankenstein attended medical school and stitched together a monster from body parts he scavenged from graveyards.

In 2005, the jobless rate in Ingolstadt was more than 7 percent, three times the current level. The city is not opulent like Munich to the south. Ingolstadt has a historic city center surrounded by old fortress walls, but there are several empty storefronts. And many neighborhoods consist of slab-like concrete apartment blocks, where the predominant language is often Turkish or Russian.

For now, Audi continues to thrive, reporting a 13 percent increase in unit sales through August. But some people in town worry that Audi could begin suffering the slump now afflicting most other European carmakers. Besides employing 35,000 people in Ingolstadt, the company supports a huge network of suppliers.

The German economy is slowing down, which could affect Audi and other Ingolstadt businesses. “We are very concerned about what would happen if Audi had a sales problem,” said Bernhard Stiedl, deputy head of the IG Metall union in Ingolstadt, which represents Audi workers. “It would have a massive effect on us.”

The first to suffer would be temporary workers. As part of the 2005 changes in the labor market, Germany made it easier for companies to use workers supplied by staffing companies to deal with fluctuations in demand.

“Flexibility in production is essential, and temporary workers definitely play a role,” said Janina Kugel, senior vice president for human resources and executive development at Osram, the lighting division of Siemens, which has a factory in Eichstätt.

Despite the 2005 overhaul, most German workers continue to enjoy far more protections than those in the United States. Permanent workers can usually be laid off only after lengthy negotiations with employers that typically include hefty severance payments. German politicians remain reluctant to tamper with these legal barriers to dismissal.

Temp workers, though, are formally employed by the staffing companies. They can be released in an instant from their temporary employers.

“Temporary work has boomed, but there is a high degree of insecurity,” said Rolf Zöllner, head of the Federal Labor Agency in Ingolstadt. Staffing agencies account for about 40 percent of the positions offered through the labor agency, he said.

For now, few workers are complaining. Ingolstadt has problems many cities would envy. While many communities are suffering from declining population because of low birthrates, Ingolstadt is adding 1,000 residents a year and construction companies are busy putting up housing. Financially strapped cities elsewhere are closing schools and public swimming pools; Ingolstadt is building new ones. Audi has sponsored new sports stadiums and professional soccer and hockey teams.

The people suffering the most in Ingolstadt may be employers desperate to find enough workers, particularly small enterprises that cannot afford to pay as much as Audi.

At the Espresso Café Boulevard in the city’s pedestrian zone, the owner, Kristin Zinser, had two large chalkboards set up on the cobbled street recently. One advertised the lunch special (meat with gravy and a small salad) and the other sought counter help

Ms. Zinser said it was tough to find workers and hard to keep them. “They’re students,” she said. “They go after a while.”

Even at the entry level, wages are rising. Schabmüller, the auto components maker, has raised the stipend it pays to student trainees to €510, about $660, a month from €400, and they can earn an additional €150 a month if they maintain the equivalent of a B average in school.

Despite the labor shortage, there has not yet been an influx of workers from countries with high unemployment like Spain, Greece or Italy. One exception is Osram, the lighting unit of Siemens, which has imported workers from Poland and the Czech Republic for some of its Bavarian factories. But language skills have been an obstacle for southern Europeans, Mr. Zöllner of the labor agency said, though he added they might start to arrive in Germany as the Continent’s economic problems continue.

Otherwise, Germany’s tight labor market could become a brake on growth. “I can’t buy a new machine if I don’t have someone to operate it,” said Christian Stöhr, a manager at Schabmüller who is in charge of recruiting and training apprentices.

The job market has even vacuumed up people who used to be considered unemployable. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ingolstadt was a destination for many ethnic Germans in places like Kazakhstan that, under German law, had a right to citizenship.

But many did not speak German or have marketable skills and were blamed for a rise in crime. That problem has all but disappeared, said Herbert Lorenz, head of the Ingolstadt economic development office. “The best social policy,” he said, “is full employment.”

壓縮工資…造就德國就業奇蹟

就在西班牙與希臘都有1/4以上的人苦於失業之際，德國許多城市反而煩惱找不到足夠的工人。德國靠著改革勞動法令而創造出接近充分就業的奇蹟，還經常主張其他歐洲國家也應該效法。

「紐約時報」25日報導，德國從2005年實施新勞動法以來，失業率已從13%降到7%以下。改革重點之一是大幅削減勞工福利，迫使勞工接受較低工資的工作，並讓企業更容易僱用臨時派遣工。

推動勞工法令改革的前總理施洛德，當時不僅遭到社會民主黨黨內同志的強力反對，並使社民黨在國會改選時把江山拱手讓給了現在由梅克爾所領導的基督教民主黨。

新法實施迄今，德國的工資幾乎靜止不動，使德國企業在全球更具競爭力，製造業的就業機會不會流失到東歐或中國大陸。

但有工作跟富裕並非同義辭，因為許多德國人的工資甚低，許多德國工人必須放棄失業後的長期所得保障，也面對更大的找工作壓力。即使是高薪勞工，加薪的幅度也大為縮減，德國的所得與貧富差距也越來越大。

不過即使在改革之後，大部分德國工人仍享有遠優於美國的保障。企業要裁減正職勞工，必須經過冗長的勞資談判，還能獲得優厚的資遣費。但臨時工是由派遣公司所雇用，派遣公司可輕易把他們裁掉。

德國儘管勞工不足，西班牙、希臘或義大利的勞工前來德國打工的人目前還不多。

隨著歐陸的經濟持續困難，未來這些國家的人可能陸續前來德國找工作，否則德國緊俏的勞工市場將成為經濟成長的障礙。業者表示，就算添購機器，也需要有工人來操作。

原文參照：
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/25/business/global/the-trade-off-that-created-germanys-job-miracle.html

2012-09-26．聯合報．A14．國際．編譯任中原