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中國能源篇：中國啟動全球最大水電工程 -- 德正
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中國啟動全球最大水電工程 印度孟加拉表示擔憂
德正，07/21/25
被稱為「世紀工程」的雅魯藏布江下游水電工程正式啟動，預計耗資1.2兆人民幣，發電力為三峽工程的三倍，為全球最大水電站項目。項目啟動引發股市工程板塊大漲，同時也引來印度、孟加拉國及環保組織對下游水資源和生態環境影響的擔憂。
流亡藏族環境研究者洛桑央措(Dr. Lobsang Yangtso)向德國之聲表示，中國在青藏高原建造水電站產生的連鎖反應將波及下流數百萬居民圖片來源： Bernd Bieder/imageBROKER/picture alliance 請至原網頁觀看照片
(德國之聲中文網) 據新華社報導，中國國務院總理李強宣佈，世界最大水電站項目已在青藏高原東緣開工建設，項目預計投資約1700億美元。
這是中國自長江三峽工程以來最雄心勃勃的水電項目，預計將在本世紀30年代投入營運。
該水電工程將由五座梯級水電站組成，選址於雅魯藏布江下游。在這一河段中，雅魯藏布江在短短50公里內落差高達2000米，蘊含巨大的水電潛力。
該項目年發電量可達3000億千瓦時，相當於3個三峽電站的發電能力，可滿足3億人年度用電需求。
印度和孟加拉國已對該項目可能對下游數百萬人口產生的影響表示擔憂；同時，一些非政府組織警告稱，該工程將對青藏高原上豐富多樣的生態系統構成風險。
北京方面則表示，將有助於滿足西藏及中國其他地區的電力需求，同時不會對下游水資源或生態 產生重大影響。
通過水力發電解決能源短缺 (請至原網頁觀看視頻)
大壩對下游影響巨大
西藏也被稱作地球的第三極 因為它擁有除了南極和北極之外最大的淡水儲量。這裡的冰川滋養著包括中國雅魯藏布江在內的亞洲幾大主要河流。為下游的南亞和東南亞20億人口提供水源。
流亡藏族環境研究者洛桑央措(Dr. Lobsang Yangtso)向德國之聲表示，中國在青藏高原建造水電站產生的連鎖反應將波及下流數百萬居民，而依賴雅魯藏布江和湄公河的大多為漁民和農民，他們的生計將受到巨大影響。
人口遷移與生態風險
新華社周六報導稱，李強總理將該工程稱為「世紀工程」，並強調「必須高度重視生態保護，防止環境破壞」。
中國官方尚未公佈該項目將帶來多少就業崗位。
三峽工程耗時近二十年建成，據官方媒體報導，三峽工程曾創造近百萬個就業崗位，但也有同等數量的人口因大壩建設被迫搬遷。
當局尚未透露雅魯藏布項目將導致多少人口遷移，以及將如何影響當地生態系統。
該水電工程選址於雅魯藏布江下游。在這一河段中，雅魯藏布江在短短50公里內落差高達2000米，蘊含巨大的水電潛力。圖片來源： Shen Hongbing/Xinhua/picture alliance 請至原網頁觀看照片
包括「國際聲援西藏運動」在內的非政府組織警告稱，該水電站項目將對青藏高原造成不可逆轉的破壞，並對下游數百萬民眾的生計構成嚴重干擾。
雅魯藏布江出藏後被稱為布拉馬普特拉河(Brahmaputra River)，流經印度阿魯納恰爾邦(Arunachal Pradesh)和阿薩姆邦(Assam)，最終匯入孟加拉國。
中國已經在雅魯藏布江上游開始水電發電，雅魯藏布江自西向東流經西藏。
工程建築類股票大漲
受該項目開工消息提振，中證建築工程指數上漲最多達4%，創七個月新高；中國電力建設集團和華建集團觸及10%漲停板。
上海卓著投資管理公司合夥人王卓表示，該項目為投資者帶來了長期投資機會，也提供了短期主題投機的空間。
「從投資角度看，成熟的水電項目具有類似債券的分紅收益，」王卓說，同時也提醒投資者，相關股票因項目消息所引發的投機性買入可能導致估值虛高。
華泰證券在一份客戶說明中指出，該項目將帶動水泥、民用爆破等基建材料的需求，從而利好相關企業。
歐盟能在綠色氫能市場上與中國保持競爭力嗎？ (請至原網頁觀看視頻)
項目將提振經濟刺激
雅魯藏布江水電項目由新成立的國有企業「中國雅江集團」負責，標誌著中國政府擴大公共投資、提振經濟增長的重大舉措——尤其在中國經濟增長動力減弱的情況下。
花旗銀行在一份報告中估算稱：「假設建設周期為十年，這一項目帶來的「投資對GDP的拉動效應」單年內就可能達到 1200 億元人民幣(約合167億美元)，實際經濟效益可能遠超這一數字。」
(路透社)
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德正是德國之聲中文網集體筆名之一。
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中國的廢氣發電計畫與方案 -- Alyssa Ochs
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China makes first global achievement that could impact certain US policy: 'Keen to show the world that their program is unstoppable'
"The Chinese are moving very, very fast."
Alyssa Ochs, 12/22/25
The China National Nuclear Corporation developed a first-of-its-kind power generator that uses carbon dioxide rather than steam.
It's the first commercial power source of this type and a significant step toward cleaner global energy.
As Newsweek reported, the China National Nuclear Corp.'s generator converts waste heat into useful electricity. This supercritical carbon dioxide power generator provides a clean energy solution and advances China's pollution-reduction efforts.
The company connected its generator to the grid at a steel plant in Guizhou province. There, it will capture waste heat from steel production and directly convert it into electricity.
The company expects the generator to be 50% more efficient than currently available technologies. Therefore, it also serves as a model for other power plants and industrial applications worldwide.
This energy development is encouraging because it contributes to the clean energy mix and is a substantial step forward for advanced nuclear technology. It offers high power in a small footprint, making it suitable for spacecrafts, ships, and other confined spaces.
"The Chinese are moving very, very fast. They are very keen to show the world that their program is unstoppable," Mark Hibbs, an expert on the nuclear sector, told The New York Times.
Nuclear energy is often misunderstood and controversial, yet it's an important part of the sustainable energy transition away from more polluting energy sources and toward cheaper, clear forms of energy, like wind and solar.
Nuclear plants are also known for radioactive leaks and producing hazardous waste. Safety and environmental concerns are valid. However, they still offer a promising shift away from pollution-heavy coal, oil, and gas.
Yet, recent developments from the CNNC and partner Jigang International Engineering and Technology Co. are paving the way for nuclear expansion in the country and beyond.
China is now seeking to scale up its new power-generation systems to deploy them in nuclear, steel, and solar plants.
Get TCD's free newsletters for easy tips to save more, waste less, and make smarter choices — and earn up to $5,000 toward clean upgrades in TCD's exclusive Rewards Club.
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中國在青康藏高原鋪設162平方英里的太陽能光電板 -- Keith Bradsher
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請參考：
How China Went From Clean Energy Copycat to Global Innovator
請至原網頁觀看相關照片、地圖、和視頻。
Why China Built 162 Square Miles of Solar Panels on the World’s Highest Plateau
Keith Bradsher, 10/13/25
On the Tibetan Plateau, nearly 10,000 feet high, solar panels stretch to the horizon and cover an area seven times the size of Manhattan. They soak up sunlight that is much brighter than at sea level because the air is so thin.
Wind turbines dot nearby ridgelines and stand in long rows across arid, empty plains above the occasional sheep herder with his flock. They capture night breezes, balancing the daytime power from the solar panels. Hydropower dams sit where rivers spill down long chasms at the edges of the plateau. And high-voltage power lines carry all this electricity to businesses and homes more than 1,000 miles away.
China is building an enormous network of clean energy industries on the Tibetan Plateau, the world’s highest. The intention is to harness the region’s bright sunshine, cold temperatures and sky-touching altitude to provide low-cost, renewable energy. The result is enough renewable energy to provide the plateau with nearly all of the power it needs, including for data centers used in China’s artificial intelligence development.
While China still burns as much coal as the rest of the world combined, last month President Xi Jinping made a stunning pledge. Speaking before the United Nations, he said for the first time that the country would reduce its greenhouse gas emissions across its economy and would expand renewable energy sixfold in coming years. It was a moment of global significance for the nation that is currently the world’s biggest polluter.
China’s clean energy efforts contrast with the ambitions of the United States under the Trump administration, which is using its diplomatic and economic muscle to pressure other countries to buy more American gas, oil and coal. China is investing in cheaper solar and wind technology, along with batteries and electric vehicles, with the aim of becoming the world’s supplier of renewable energy and the products that rely on it.
The main group of solar farms, known as the Talatan Solar Park, dwarfs every other cluster of solar farms in the world. It covers 162 square miles in Gonghe County, an alpine desert in sparsely inhabited Qinghai, a province in western China.
No other country on the planet is using high altitudes for solar, wind and hydropower on a scale as great as China’s on the Tibetan Plateau. The effort is a case study of how China has come to dominate the future of clean energy. With the help of substantial government-directed investment and planning, electricity companies are weaning the country off imported oil, natural gas and coal — a national priority.
Renewable energy helps China power 30,000 miles of high-speed train routes and its growing fleet of electric cars. At the same time, cheap electricity enables China to manufacture even more solar panels, which dominate global markets and power artificial intelligence data centers.
Electricity from solar and wind power in Qinghai, which occupies the northern third of the Tibetan Plateau, costs about 40 percent less than coal-fired power. Qinghai encompasses most of a region known among Tibetans as Amdo and includes the birthplace of the current Dalai Lama, now in exile.
In July, China’s premier, Li Qiang, oversaw the groundbreaking of five additional dams on the Yarlung Tsangpo River in southern Tibet, a region of China that is tightly restricted by the Communist Party and not open to Western journalists. The Chinese government has released little information about the construction of the dams, but they are expected to take years to complete and would most likely constitute the world’s largest hydropower project. Its construction has alarmed India, which fears that China could use it to cut off water supplies to downstream areas of eastern India.
China is not the first country to experiment with high-altitude clean energy. But other places as high as the Tibetan Plateau are mountainous and steep. Qinghai, slightly bigger than Texas, is mostly flat — optimal for solar panels and the roads needed to bring them in. And the cold air improves the efficiency of solar panels.
Switzerland has experimented with small solar power installations at the top of cable railways. It opened a solar power farm at an altitude of 5,940 feet, but it can generate only about 0.5 megawatts, enough to power about 80 American households.
The state-owned Power Construction Corporation of China completed a 480-megawatt solar project last year at an altitude of 4,000 feet on the plateau of the Atacama Desert in Chile, which is the world’s driest nonpolar desert, but much lower than the Tibetan Plateau.
Qinghai’s Talatan solar project dwarfs these. It has a capacity of 16,930 megawatts of power, which could run every household in Chicago. It is still expanding, adding panels with a target of growing to 10 times the area of Manhattan in three years. Another 4,700 megawatts of wind energy and 7,380 megawatts of hydroelectric dams are nearby.
China is now building at even higher elevations in mountain valleys on the Tibetan Plateau, although with smaller solar farms. Near Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, a Chinese power company recently installed 150 megawatts of solar panels at 17,000 feet.
As an incentive to building solar farms, many western Chinese provinces initially offered free land to companies. The central government has recently ordered the provinces to begin charging nominal annual fees to encourage efficient use of the land.
The Talatan solar project is on sandy soil with sparse vegetation used as grazing lands by ethnic Tibetan herders. The first panels installed at the site in 2012 were so low to the ground that sheep had trouble grazing under and around them. Now all panels are installed on higher mountings, said Liu Ta, the project’s manager.
Dislocating people for power projects is politically sensitive all over the world. But high-altitude projects affect relatively few people in sparsely populated settlements. China pushed more than one million people out of their homes in west-central China a quarter-century ago and flooded a vast area for the reservoir of the Three Gorges Dam. This year, China has been installing enough solar panels every three weeks to match the power generation capacity of that dam.
Generating wind power on the plateau is trickier. At high altitudes, the winds blow fast, but the thin air doesn’t push wind turbine blades as effectively as thicker air closer to sea level.
Still, the region has many wind turbines. Operators of the electricity grid try to balance the generation of solar power by day with wind power by night to maintain steady voltage and avoid blackouts.
Qinghai Province sends excess solar power to Shaanxi Province in west-central China. In exchange, Qinghai tops off the wind power generated locally at night with small amounts of electricity generated by Shaanxi coal plants.
In addition, Qinghai is increasingly turning to hydropower to balance the plateau’s solar power, in the hopes of using less coal-fired power.
More than a decade ago, eight dams were built on the Yellow River as it drops 3,300 feet, flowing off the eastern side of the plateau and down into eastern China. More are under construction to balance and supplement the solar energy being generated in Qinghai Province.
“When photovoltaic power is insufficient, I can use hydropower to make up for it,” said Zhu Yuanqing, power division director of the Qinghai Provincial Energy Bureau.
Two additional hydropower projects are being built in high mountain valleys near the Talatan Solar Park. The plan for both, Qinghai officials said, is to use excess solar power generated during the day to pump water up into the projects’ reservoirs several miles up. The water will be allowed to drop down through mountain tubes to the plateau at night, spinning giant turbines to generate immense amounts of electricity.
Several electricity-intensive industries are moving to the region to tap its inexpensive power. One is the task of turning quartzite from mines into polysilicon to make solar panels. Data centers for artificial intelligence are also drawn to the area.
Qinghai plans to increase its data center capacity more than five times by 2030. The facilities are in Xining, the provincial capital, at an altitude of 7,500 feet, and in Yushu and Guoluo, two chilly towns at an altitude over 12,000 feet.
The data centers consume 40 percent less electricity, their main operating cost, than similar ones at sea level because air-conditioning is barely needed, said Zhang Jingang, the executive vice governor of Qinghai. Air warmed by the data centers’ computer servers is circulated through underground pipes to heat other buildings in Yushu and Guoluo, replacing coal-fired boilers.
Mr. Zhang spoke at a news conference in Xining as part of a government-organized media tour this summer of clean energy sites in Qinghai, which usually restricts foreign media access to hide dissent by its large ethnic Tibetan population. The New York Times paid for its own travel costs.
To connect the data centers’ computing power to many of China’s technology companies, data is transferred from Shanghai to Qinghai on China’s national fiber-optic grid. The artificial intelligence programming of dancing humanoid robots for a televised gala during Lunar New Year in January was done at data centers in Qinghai.
But even fiber-optic cables do not provide quick enough communications for one of the fastest-growing computation needs in China: self-driving cars. The data centers for these cars are still in eastern China, where most of the population lives and drives.
“That kind of data center must not be placed in Qinghai,” Mr. Zhu said. “An accident may occur if you are not careful.”
Li You contributed research from Gonghe County.
Keith Bradsher is the Beijing bureau chief for The Times. He previously served as bureau chief in Shanghai, Hong Kong and Detroit and as a Washington correspondent. He lived and reported in mainland China through the pandemic.
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