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中東風雲錄 -- 開欄文：埃及的加薩重建方案 -- Al Jazeera
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下文為本欄開欄文。
埃及的加薩重建方案 -- Al Jazeera
What is Egypt’s plan for the reconstruction of Gaza?
Arab League endorses Egyptian proposal that provides alternative to US President Trump’s plan to take over Gaza.
Al Jazeera Staff, 03/04/25
Arab states have adopted Egypt’s Gaza reconstruction plan, providing a potential path forward after Israel’s devastating war on the Palestinian enclave.
Egypt unveiled its plan on Tuesday while hosting an Arab League Summit in its capital Cairo.
The plan offers an alternative to United States President Donald Trump’s suggestion that the Gaza Strip be depopulated to “develop” the enclave, under US control, in what critics have called ethnic cleansing. Under the Egyptian plan, Gaza’s Palestinian population would not be forced to leave the territory.
Trump had insisted that Egypt and Jordan take Palestinians forced out of Gaza by his plan, but that was quickly rejected, and the US has signalled that it is open to hearing what an Arab plan for Gaza’s post-war reconstruction would be.
Speaking at the start of the summit, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi said that Trump would be able to achieve peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Here’s everything you need to know about the plan, based on Al Jazeera’s own reporting, as well as drafts of the plan reported on by the Reuters news agency and the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram.
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What does the Egyptian plan call for?
The plan consists of three major stages: Interim measures, reconstruction and governance.
The first stage would last about six months, while the next two phases would take place over a combined four to five years.
The aim is to reconstruct Gaza – which Israel has almost completely destroyed – maintain peace and security and reassert the governance of the Palestinian Authority (PA) in the territory, 17 years after it was kicked out following fighting between Fatah, which dominates the PA, and Hamas.
How does the plan aim to rebuild Gaza?
A six-month interim period would require a committee of Palestinian technocrats – operating under the management of the PA – to clear the rubble from Salah al-Din Street, which is the main north-south highway in the Gaza Strip.
Once the roads are clear, 200,000 temporary housing units would be built to accommodate 1.2 million people and about 60,000 damaged buildings restored.
According to the blueprint, longer-term reconstruction requires an additional four to five years after the interim measures are completed. Over that span, the plan aims to build at least 400,000 permanent homes, as well as rebuilding Gaza’s seaport and international airport.
Gradually, basic provisions such as water, a waste system, telecommunication services and electricity would also be restored.
The plan further calls for the establishment of a Steering and Management Council, which would be a financial fund supporting the interim governing body in Gaza.
In addition, conferences will be held for international donors to provide the necessary funding for reconstruction and long-term development in the Strip.
Who would be in charge of Gaza?
The plan calls for a group of “independent Palestinian technocrats” to manage affairs in Gaza, in effect replacing Hamas.
The technocratic government would be responsible for overseeing humanitarian aid and would pave the way for the PA to administer Gaza, according to el-Sisi.
Speaking at Tuesday’s summit, PA President Mahmoud Abbas said that an election could take place next year if circumstances allowed.
On the security front, Egypt and Jordan have both pledged to train Palestinian police officers and deploy them to Gaza. The two countries have also called on the United Nations Security Council to consider authorising a peacekeeping mission to oversee governance in Gaza until reconstruction is complete.
How much is this going to cost?
Egypt is calling for $53 bn to fund the reconstruction of Gaza, with the money distributed over three phases.
In the first six-month phase it would cost $3bn to clear rubble from Salah al-Din Street, construct temporary housing and restore partially damaged homes.
The second phase would take two years and cost $20bn. The work of rubble removal would continue in this phase, as well as the establishment of utility networks and the building of more housing units.
Phase three would cost $30bn and take two and a half years. It would include completing housing for Gaza’s whole population, establishing the first phase of an industrial zone, building fishing and commercial ports, and building an airport, among other services.
According to the plan, the money will be sourced from a variety of international sources including the UN and international financial organisations as well as foreign and private sector investments.
Is the plan going to work?
There are still a number of variables that could complicate the plan. Perhaps most importantly, it is unclear whether Hamas, Israel or the US will agree to it.
Hamas welcomed the reconstruction plan, and has previously agreed to a technocratic government. But it is less clear if it will accept the return of the PA, which itself would face the perception from its critics that it has returned to Gaza on the back of Israel’s tanks.
Hamas may be willing to discuss its removal from governance, but is adamantly against its disarmament – something the Egyptian plan adopted by the Arab League did not discuss.
Israel has made it clear that this is a red line, and that Hamas will not be allowed to keep its weapons. But Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has also said that he will not allow the PA to return to Gaza.
There is also the question of whether Trump will abandon his idea of a US-controlled “Middle East Riviera” for the Egyptian plan. It is difficult to predict what Trump’s position will be, particularly if Israel signals its opposition to the Egyptian plan.
What has the response been so far?
In response to Egypt’s plan, Israel said that Arab states needed to “break free from past constraints and collaborate to create a future of stability and security in the region”.
Instead, Israel continues to back Trump’s Gaza displacement plan – which echoes a longstanding call from the Israeli far-right to depopulate Gaza.
Egypt called Israel’s response “unacceptable”, with Minister of Foreign Affairs Badr Abdelatty describing the Netanyahu government’s position as “stubborn and extremist”.
Abdelatty said it would be impossible to see peace in the region without an independent Palestinian state. “No single state should be allowed to impose its will on the international community,” he added.
The White House continues to stand by Trump’s plan for Gaza, but said it would welcome collaboration with regional partners – except Hamas.
“While the President stands by his bold vision for a post-war Gaza, he welcomes input from our Arab partners in the region. It’s clear his proposals have driven the region to come to the table rather than allow this issue to devolve into further crisis,” White House National Security Council spokesman Brian Hughes said.
“President Trump has been clear that Hamas cannot continue to govern Gaza,” he added.
相關閱讀：
Arab leaders endorse Egypt’s Gaza reconstruction plan
European leaders back 'realistic' Arab plan for Gaza
For Israel, ceasefire is a continuation of war by other means
The Egyptian Gaza plan: A deadly trap for Israel and the US
The Egyptian plan for postwar Gaza is a good starting point—but it needs changes
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以、伊戰爭掌握制空權之優勢 - Jake Epstein
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我初二時讀了《孫子》；初三或高一時讀「八年抗日戰爭史」(或類似書名)。所以，對軍事和軍事學一直保持高度興趣；自然對跟「戰術」和「戰略」相關報導/分析有著「存檔備查」的習慣。下文屬之。
Israel's air superiority lets it strike Iran on the cheap — and force Tehran into costly retaliation
Jake Epstein,, 06/17/25
* Israeli fighter jets have battered Iran's air defenses, allowing them to operate more freely.
* The degraded surface-to-air missile threat means Israeli aircraft can use cheaper weapons to strike.
* Iran, meanwhile, is left retaliating with its more expensive ballistic missiles.
The Israeli military says it has achieved air superiority over swaths of Iran, including the capital Tehran, after battering the country's air defenses in recent bombing runs.
The Monday declaration that Israel has an overwhelming advantage in the air comes just a few days into an intensive operation aimed at degrading Iran's nuclear program and wiping out its military capabilities, including a substantial number of surface-to-air missile launchers.
Israel is operating its F-35I stealth fighter jets above Iran and also its fourth-generation aircraft, like the F-16 and F-15, that lack some of the same low observable capabilities but can drop cheap glide bombs on Iranian targets.
On Sunday, Israeli fighter jets struck the Mashhad airport in eastern Iran, some 1,400 miles away, marking Israel's longest-range attack since beginning its bombing campaign and further underscoring its ability to fly largely uncontested above Iran.
The effective Israeli strikes on Iranian air defenses and military airports "will degrade Iran's ability to restrict Israeli operations in its airspace," the Institute for the Study of War, a conflict studies think tank in Washington, DC, said on Sunday.
Weapons analysts have identified Israeli fighter jets armed with Joint Direct Attack Munitions. JDAMs, which are made by the US defense contractor Boeing, are dumb bombs fitted with relatively cheap guidance kits that turn them into precision-guided munitions. These weapons are not considered stand-off weapons.
Analysts have also spotted Israeli aircraft armed with SPICE bombs. Like JDAMs, guidance kits that turn dumb bombs into precision weapons. They are made by the local defense firm Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.
Open-source intelligence accounts have noted the use of JDAMs and SPICE — which stands for Smart, Precise Impact, Cost-Effective — bombs in the airstrikes across Iran, including around Tehran. Israel's ability to fire these munitions suggests it is less concerned about defenses and does not necessarily have to employ its more expensive missiles for high-value targets. It has more options.
Iran, which lacks a strong air force, has retaliated against Israel by firing more than 370 ballistic missiles in multiple waves since Friday. There have been at least 30 impact sites so far, killing two dozen people and wounding over 590 others, according to Israeli government statistics.
Ballistic missiles, which can cost millions of dollars apiece, are much more expensive than the individual JDAMs and SPICE bombs Israel is using to strike Iran. A single JDAM, for instance, may cost only tens of thousands of dollars.
By firing multiple salvos of missiles, Iran is depleting its stockpiles; it is estimated to have hundreds, possibly thousands, that can reach Israel. Israel said on Monday that it had destroyed a third of Tehran's launchers during the fight, limiting its ability to get missiles off the ground.
Iran has also launched hundreds of drones at Israel. While these are much cheaper than the missiles — Tehran's notorious Shahed-136 drone is estimated to cost as little as $20,000 — these weapons also travel significantly slower and are much easier to intercept.
However, Iran's missile and drone fire forces Israel to expend valuable air defenses, adding to a growing financial toll. At the lower end, a single Iron Dome interceptor costs some $50,000. A missile launched from the Arrow-3 system, which can intercept incoming targets in space, costs several million dollars.
US officials said American forces in the region have helped to shoot down Iranian missiles aimed at Israel, but they have said that Washington is not involved in offensive operations.
Israeli officials announced the start of "Operation Rising Lion," aimed at degrading Iran's nuclear program, last Friday.
Israeli fighter jets have carried out widespread airstrikes across Iran, targeting its nuclear facilities and top scientists, in addition to other military targets, such as Tehran's missile launchers, weapons production sites, air defenses, and senior commanders.
The operation could derail President Donald Trump's efforts to reach a new nuclear deal with Iran. Tehran argues that its nuclear program is for civilian use only. However, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has long pushed for a military approach to deal with what he describes as an existential threat.
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伊朗反擊以色列-R. Hoffman等
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下文中的時間為美東時間。
Israel strikes live updates: Iran launches dozens of missiles toward Israel
RILEY HOFFMAN, LEAH SARNOFF, JACK MOORE, JON HAWORTH and NADINE EL-BAWAB, ABC News, 06/14/25
Israel launched dozens of strikes against Iran early Friday morning local time, striking at the heart of the country's nuclear program, killing several nuclear scientists as well as high-ranking military leaders, according to Israeli officials.
Iran responded with an aerial attack involving about 100 drones, Israel said, but all of them were shot down before hitting their target.
The U.S. did not provide any assistance or have any involvement in the Israeli strike, a U.S. official told ABC News.
Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’
Latest Developments
Jun 13, 2:47 PM
Sirens in northern Israel, Tel Aviv
Sirens are going off in northern Israel and Tel Aviv, ABC News can confirm.
Sirens are "expected soon in Haifa, Galilee and Golan," the Israel Defense Forces Homefront Command announced.
"The attack is ongoing," the IDF said in an updated statement. "The explosions you are hearing are from inerceptions or fallen projectiles."
-ABC News' Dana Savir and Jordana Miller
Jun 13, 2:41 PM
Iran launches 2nd round of missiles toward Israel
Iran has launched a second round of missiles toward Israel, the Israel Defense Forces said Friday
"Another volley of dozens of missiles was launched towards" Israel, an IDF spokesperson said in a statement.
"The explosions you hear are from interceptions or crashes. The air defense system constantly identifies and intercepts threats," the IDF said.
Jun 13, 2:44 PM
Israel should anticipate 'severe punishment,' Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei says
After its attack on Iran, Israel should anticipate "severe punishment," Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Khamenei said in a statement read on Iranian TV Friday.
"The powerful arm of the Islamic Republic’s Armed Forces won’t let them go unpunished. In the enemy’s attacks, several commanders and scientists have been martyred. God willing, their successors and colleagues will carry on with their duties without delay. With this crime, the Zionist regime has prepared for itself a bitter, painful fate, which it will definitely see," Khamenei said.
"[Israel] has revealed its malicious nature even more than before by targeting residential areas," he said.
-ABC News' Tomek Rolski
Jun 13, 2:33 PM
Iran launches dozens of missiles toward Israel, Israel working to intercept: IDF
Iran has launched dozens of ballistic missiles toward Israel, which defense systems are operating to intercept, an Israeli military official said Friday."The public is instructed to enter a protected space and remain there until further notice. Leaving the protected space is only permitted following an explicit directive. Continue to follow the instructions of the Home Front Command," the IDF said in a statement.
Jun 13, 1:44 PM
US Embassy in Israel says no plans to evacuate Americans
U.S. government employees in Israel are still directed to shelter in place, with no plans to evacuate Americans or help with departures at this point.
"Ben Gurion Airport is currently closed, and there are no commercial or charter flights operating from there. Land crossings to Jordan are currently operating (although they are closed on Saturdays)," the government said.
-ABC News' Shannon K. Kingston
Jun 13, 1:46 PM
Israel strikes Iranian nuclear facility in Isfahan, IDF says
Israel has confirmed it struck a nuclear facility in Isfahan, Israel Defense Forces spokesperson Effie Defrin said Friday evening local time.
“I can now confirm that we struck the nuclear facility in Isfahan. The operation is still ongoing," Defrin said.
-ABC News' Jordana Miller
Jun 13, 1:18 PM
US-Iran talks unlikely to happen this weekend, Iranian official says
It's unlikely the sixth round of talks between the U.S. and Iran on a potential nuclear deal will happen this weekend in Oman, Iranian Member of Parliament Alaeddin Boroujerdi said on Iranian TV Friday.
"We are on the verge of the sixth round, which I don't think will happen with these developments, because they have, in fact, shown their entry into our red lines. Therefore, I think this is in connection with the nuclear issue," Boroujerdi said, in an interview in Farsi.
Boroujerdi said Iran entered into the negotiations with a "fair amount of open-mindedness at the request of the United States."
U.S. Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff had been scheduled to meet with Iranian officials on Sunday prior to the overnight attacks.
Jun 13, 1:16 PM
Attacks will last for days, maybe even weeks, IDF official says
Israel's attacks on Iran can be expected to last for days, maybe even weeks, an Israel Defense Forces official told ABC News. The goal is to get the job done, the source said, which means destroying Iran's nuclear capability and missile arsenal.
Israel has complete control over the skies in Iran, having denuded the country of its air defenses in the previous two attacks last year, the source said.
The reason Iran hasn't launched missiles in reprisal is not because it's biding its time, but it's because Israel has destroyed the missiles that were ready for launch, according to the source.
The source underscored that 200 or so Israeli jets flew a 2,000 mile round trip over other semi-hostile nations, like Syria and Iraq, without a single mishap and without a single casualty.
-ABC News' Matt Gutman
Jun 13, 12:45 PM
Israeli attacks in Iran are ongoing
Israeli forces' attacks on Iran are ongoing, according to the Israel Defense Forces Chief of the General Staff Lt. Gen. Eyal Zamir.
"We are continuing with full force and at a high pace in order to meet the goals we have set for ourselves," Zamir said in a statement Friday evening local time.
"We are continuing with the two main efforts we set for ourselves – the defensive effort and the offensive effort," Zamir said. "I remind everyone that we are facing a dangerous and complex enemy, and we must maintain a very high level of readiness."
Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’
-ABC News' Jordana Miller
Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’
Click here to read the rest of the blog.
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以色列攻擊伊朗首都德黑蘭 – J. Gambrell/J. Federman
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Israel attacks Iran's capital with explosions booming across Tehran
JON GAMBRELL and JOSEF FEDERMAN, 06/13/25
JERUSALEM (AP) — Iranian state television says the head of Iran’s paramilitary Revolutionary Guard is feared dead after an Israeli attack.
The report offered few other details about what happened to Gen. Hossein Salami of the Guard.
The report on air added that one other top Guard officials, as well as two nuclear scientists were also feared dead.
State television also reported the attack set the headquarters of Iran’s paramilitary Revolutionary Guard ablaze.
Multiple sites in the capital had been hit in the attack, which Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said targeted both nuclear and military sites and officials leading Iran’s nuclear program and its ballistic missile arsenal.
THIS IS A BREAKING NEWS UPDATE. AP’s earlier story follows below.
JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel attacked Iran's capital early Friday, with explosions booming across Tehran as Israel said it targeted nuclear and military sites.
The attack comes as tensions have reached new heights over Tehran's rapidly advancing nuclear program. The Board of Governors at the International Atomic Energy Agency for the first time in 20 years on Thursday censured Iran over it not working with its inspectors. Iran immediately announced it would establish a third enrichment site in the country and swap out some centrifuges for more-advanced ones.
Israel for years has warned it will not allow Iran to build a nuclear weapon, something Tehran insists it doesn’t want — though official there have repeatedly warned it could build them. The U.S. has been preparing for something to happen, already pulling some diplomats from Iraq’s capital and offering voluntary evacuations for the families of U.S. troops in the wider Middle East.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in an address on YouTube that the attacks will continue “for as many days at it takes to remove this threat.”
U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio said Israel took “unilateral action against Iran” and that Israel advised the U.S. that it believed the strikes were necessary for its self-defense.
“We are not involved in strikes against Iran and our top priority is protecting American forces in the region,” Rubio said in a statement released by the White House.
Rubio also issued a warning to Iran that it should not target U.S. interests or personnel.
People in Tehran awoke to the sound of the blast. State television acknowledged the blast.
It wasn't immediately clear what had been hit, though smoke could be rising from Chitgar, a neighborhood in western Tehran. There are no known nuclear sites in that area — but it wasn't immediately clear if anything was happening in the rest of the country.
An Israeli military official says that his country targeted Iranian nuclear sites, without identifying them.
The official spoke to journalists on condition of anonymity to discuss the ongoing operation, which is also targeting military sites.
Benchmark Brent crude spiked on the attack, rising nearly 5% on the news.
Israel's Defense Minister Israel Katz said that his country carried out the attack, without saying what it targeted.
“In the wake of the state of Israel’s preventive attack against Iran, missile and drone attacks against Israel and its civilian population are expected immediately," he said in a statement.
The statement added that Katz “signed a special order declaring an emergency situation in the home front.”
“It is essential to listen to instructions from the home front command and authorities to stay in protected areas,” it said
Both Iran and Israel closed their airspace.
As the explosions in Tehran started, President Donald Trump was on the lawn of the White House mingling with members of Congress. It was unclear if he had been informed but the president continued shaking hands and posing for pictures for several minutes.
Trump earlier said he was urging Netanyahu to hold off from taking action for the time being while the administration negotiated with Iran.
“As long as I think there is a (chance for an) agreement, I don’t want them going in because I think it would blow it,” Trump told reporters.
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美國空襲葉門乎舍軍 -- Malu Cursino
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從對乎舍軍的空中攻擊可以看出：普政府沒有一個完整、經過通盤考慮、具有清楚目標的中東政策。她採取的行動仍然以秀肌肉、搶頭條、搏版面為目的。
US launches wave of air strikes on Yemen's Houthis
Malu Cursino, BBC News, 03/16/25
The US has launched a "decisive and powerful" wave of air strikes on Houthi rebels in Yemen, President Donald Trump has said, citing the group's attacks on shipping in the Red Sea as the reason.
"Funded by Iran, the Houthi thugs have fired missiles at US aircraft, and targeted our Troops and Allies," Trump said on social media, adding that their "piracy, violence, and terrorism" had cost "billions" and put lives at risk.
The Houthi-run health ministry said at least 31 people were killed and 101 others were injured in the strikes.
The group later said it would continue to target Red Sea shipping until Israel lifted its blockade of Gaza, and that its forces would respond to the strikes.
The Houthis reported a series of explosions on Saturday evening in the Yemeni capital, Sanaa, and in the northern province of Saada - the rebels' stronghold on the border with Saudi Arabia.
The Iranian-backed rebel group, which considers Israel its enemy, controls Sanaa and the north-west of Yemen, but it is not the country's internationally recognised government.
Unverified images show plumes of black smoke over the area of Sanaa's airport - which includes a military facility.
In a statement, the Houthis blamed the US and the UK for "wicked" aggression targeting residential areas in Sanaa.
The UK did not participate in Saturday's US strikes against the Houthi targets but it did provide routine refuelling support for the US.
The Houthis have said they are acting in support of the Palestinians in the war between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, and have claimed - often falsely - that they are targeting ships only linked to Israel, the US or the UK.
Since November 2023, the Houthis have targeted dozens of merchant vessels with missiles, drones and small boat attacks in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. They have sunk two vessels, seized a third, and killed four crew members.
These attacks, Trump said, "will not be tolerated".
He added: "We will use overwhelming lethal force until we have achieved our objective."
The Houthis have not been deterred by the deployment of Western warships to protect merchant vessels, or by multiple rounds of US and British air strikes on its military targets.
Israel has also carried out air strikes against the Houthis since July, in retaliation to the 400 missiles and drones that the Israeli military said had been launched at the country from Yemen, most of which were shot down.
Major shipping companies have been forced to stop using the Red Sea - through which almost 15% of global seaborne trade usually passes - and use a much longer route around southern Africa instead.
Trump said that it had been more than a year since a US-flagged ship had sailed safely through the Suez Canal - which the Red Sea leads to - and four months since a US warship had been through the body of water between east Africa and the Arabian peninsula.
The Suez Canal is the quickest sea route between Asia and Europe, and is particularly important in the transportation of oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG).
Addressing the Houthis directly, Trump wrote that if they did not stop, "HELL WILL RAIN DOWN UPON YOU LIKE NOTHING YOU HAVE EVER SEEN BEFORE".
But the Houthis were unwavering in their response, saying the aggression would not diminish their support for Palestinians.
"This aggression will not go without response and our Yemeni armed forces are ready to answer escalation with further escalation," the group said.
Trump urged Iran to cease its support for the Houthis, warning that Washington would hold Tehran "fully accountable and, we won't be nice about it".
He also accused the previous White House administration, under Joe Biden, of being "pathetically weak" and allowing the "unrestrained Houthis" to keep going.
Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said the US government had "no authority, or business, dictating Iranian foreign policy".
"End support for Israeli genocide and terrorism," he posted on X on Sunday. "Stop killing of Yemeni people."
US Secretary of State Marco Rubio also discussed military deterrence operations against the Houthis when he spoke with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov on Saturday.
Rubio emphasised that "continued Houthi attacks on US military and commercial shipping vessels in the Red Sea will not be tolerated", a State Department spokesperson said.
Lavrov, for his part, stressed the need for "an immediate cessation of the use of force" and the "importance for all sides to engage in political dialogue in order to find a solution that would prevent further bloodshed", said the Russian foreign ministry.
相關報導：
Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking ships?
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土耳其大規模抗議 – A. Boyd/M. Hamsici
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鄂多萬縱橫捭闔土耳其以及國際政壇20年，的確是個狠角色。現在不得不走出逮捕反對黨領袖的奧步，大概選局從風聲鶴唳惡化到草木皆兵了。
Sixth night of protests in Turkey as Erdogan hits out at unrest
Alex Boyd/Mahmut Hamsici, BBC News, 03/25/25
Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has blamed opposition parties for provoking a "movement of violence" as protests in the country continued for a sixth night.
Unrest began in Istanbul last Wednesday when the city's Mayor Ekrem Imamoglu - Erdogan's main political rival - was detained on corruption charges.
Imamoglu said the allegations against him were politically motivated, a claim Erdogan has denied.
Turkey's main opposition party, the Republican People's Party's (CHP), which announced Imamoglu as its presidential candidate on Sunday, said the demonstrations will end on Tuesday, without saying what the next steps would be.
Erdogan has labelled the demonstrations "evil" and blamed the opposition for "disturbing the peace of our citizens with provocations".
Speaking from Ankara, Turkey's capital, Erdogan called for the protests to end and said that "instead of responding to allegations", opposition parties had "made the most vile and unlawful statements in our political history for [the past] five days".
On Monday, vehicles carrying water cannons were seen close to the city hall, though protests appeared to be largely peaceful with no repeat of the fierce clashes seen on Sunday.
Lydia, one of the demonstrators, told AFP that the Turkish authorities were "hunting us like pests", adding: "They sprayed pepper spray on us like insecticides."
Young people - many of whom may not know any other government than this one under Erdogan - have played an important role in the protests.
They have differing political views and do not appear to be affiliated with a particular political movement at the protests. They are rallying against the government, but they do not hesitate to criticise the opposition as well.
Asked if she is afraid of the potential repercussions of demonstrating, one woman told the BBC: "There is nothing left to lose."
Another, a 25-year-old woman who attended Sunday's protest, said she was afraid before - "but now I'm just angry".
In figures released before Monday evening's gatherings, the Turkish government said 1,133 people had been arrested since the protests began.
With the CHP apparently ending its rallies in Istanbul, it is unclear if other spontaneous protests will continue.
CHP leader Ozgur Ozel spoke to the thousands gathered on Monday night, telling the crowd that the demonstration was "an act of defiance against fascism".
Ozel said he would visit Imamoglu in jail in Silivri on Tuesday. He added that the CHP would appeal for him to be released pending trial, and for his trial to be shown live on state broadcaster TRT.
Imamoglu was confirmed as the CHP's candidate for Turkey's 2028 presidential election on Monday, despite being in custody. The selection vote was symbolic as he had been the only person running.
He had spent the previous night in jail after being formally arrested and charged with "establishing and managing a criminal organisation, taking bribes, extortion, unlawfully recording personal data and rigging a tender". He was also suspended from his post as mayor.
Prosecutors had also accused him of "aiding an armed terrorist organisation", but this was not included in the charges.
Before he was detained, Istanbul University said it was revoking Imamoglu's degree. If upheld, it would throw his presidential run into question, as the Turkish constitution requires presidents to have completed higher education.
In a post on X over the weekend, Imamoglu said he would "never bow" and criticised his arrest as a "black stain on our democracy".
His wife, Dilek Kaya Imamoglu, told demonstrators outside Istanbul's city hall that the "injustice" her husband faced had "struck a chord with every conscience".
Much of the protesters' anger is directed at Erdogan and his government.
"I don't know what he did 20 years ago, but nowadays, he is just a dictator," Irmak, a 22-year-old university student, told the BBC World Service at a demonstration in the Sarachane area of Istanbul.
Irmak and her friends, Ozge and Elif, said they had activated the location sharing feature on their phones, as they fear being detained by police.
These demonstrations have been the largest in Turkey since the Gezi protests of 2013, which began in Istanbul over the demolition of a local park.
They have been largely peaceful, but on Sunday police officers fired water cannons and used pepper spray as clashes unfolded.
"We are the fruits of the trees of the Gezis," Irmak said. "We are here to protect democracy. It's not just about Ekrem Imamoglu - it's about Turkey's democracy."
Lydia, a protester, said Turkish authorities "spray pepper spray on us like insecticides"
Imamoglu was one of more than 100 people detained last week as part of an investigation. Others arrested included politicians, journalists and businessmen.
"We are not accepting this injustice," Mustafa, among the protesters, told the BBC. "We want democracy and we want our friends back because Imomoglu is not the only one behind the bars right now."
He added: "We want to re-establish democracy in this country and we want to save the republic from this authoritarian populist regime. And for the short term, we just want our mayor back, we want our friends back."
Imamoglu's arrest does not prevent his candidacy or election as president, but he will not be able to run if he is convicted of any of the charges against him.
The opposition mayor is seen as one of the most formidable rivals of Erdogan, who has held office in Turkey for 22 years as both prime minister and president.
Erdogan's term in office is due to expire in 2028, and under the current rules, he cannot stand again – but he could call an early election or try to change the constitution to allow him to remain in power for longer.
Turkey's Ministry of Justice has criticised those connecting Erdogan to the arrests, and insisted on its judicial independence.
Additional reporting by Isabella Bull
相關報導：
Erdogan: Turkey's all-powerful leader of 20 years
Turkey protests are about far more than fate of Istanbul's mayor
Who is Turkish opposition leader Ekrem Imamoglu?
Why are people protesting in Turkey?
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Live Updates: Israel Carries Out Deadly Strikes in Gaza and Warns of Intensified Attacks
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s office said Israel would use “increasing military strength” against Hamas after talks with the group reached an impasse. The aerial assault, the first major strikes in Gaza since a truce began in January, killed hundreds, Gazan health officials said.
Yan Zhuang/Rawan Sheikh Ahmad/Patrick Kingsley/Aaron Boxerman, 03/18/25
Here are the latest developments.
Israeli forces launched large aerial attacks across the Gaza Strip on Tuesday morning, killing more than 400 people, Gaza’s health ministry said. They were the first major strikes on the territory since Israel agreed to a cease-fire with Hamas about two months ago, raising the prospect of a return to all-out war.
The attacks followed weeks of fruitless negotiations aimed at extending the fragile cease-fire, which began in mid-January and paused 15 months of devastating fighting in the territory. By midday on Tuesday, it remained unclear whether the strikes were a brief attempt to force Hamas to compromise in the talks or the beginning of a new phase in the conflict.
Just before 2:30 a.m. local time, the Israeli military announced that it was conducting “extensive strikes” on Hamas targets. The office of the Israeli prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, said he had ordered the military operation following the “repeated refusal” by Hamas to release the hostages still held in Gaza and warned, “From now on, Israel will act against Hamas with increasing military strength.”
Hamas accused Israel of deciding to “overturn the cease-fire agreement, exposing the prisoners in Gaza to an unknown fate,” referring to the remaining hostages. The group has yet to respond militarily to the attacks, leaving Israelis and Palestinians waiting to see whether the Palestinian group would escalate or head to the negotiating table.
Hundreds of Palestinians, including children, were killed in the strikes, according to the Gazan health ministry, whose figures do not differentiate between civilians and combatants.
The White House press secretary, Karoline Leavitt, said Israel had consulted the White House before launching the strikes. The United States recently began a wave of attacks in Yemen against the Houthi militant group, which, like Hamas, is backed by Iran. The Houthis had fired missiles and drones at Israel for more than a year as part of the war.
“As President Trump has made clear, Hamas, the Houthis, all those who seek to terrorize not just Israel but also the United States of America, will see a price to pay,” Ms. Leavitt said on Fox News Monday night. “All hell will break loose.”
Before the Israeli assault, which took place during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, Israel and Hamas had been negotiating the next steps in the truce. The next phase is supposed to free more hostages taken during the Hamas-led Oct. 7, 2023, attack that set off the Israeli military offensive in Gaza.
Mediators had hoped the talks would lead to an end to the war. But Israeli leaders said they were unwilling to stop the fighting until the end of Hamas’s rule in the territory.
Here’s what else to know:
* Hamas officials killed: Hamas publicly announced the deaths of at least five senior officials among the group’s Gaza leadership. Two, like Yasser Harb, were officials in the group’s political bureau. Three others, including Bahjat Abu Sultan — director of Hamas’s feared internal security agency — held senior security roles.
* Fate of hostages: Fewer than half of the 59 hostages remaining in Gaza are thought to be alive, according to the Israeli government. Their fate is deeply important to Israelis, who want to bring them home, and to Hamas, which views them as bargaining chips.
* Fear and frustration: After two months of relative quiet, the strikes left Gazans with an unmistakable message: The war had returned, at least for now.
* Evacuation orders: The Israeli military ordered Palestinians living in parts of Gaza close to the border with Israel to leave their homes, labeling the areas “dangerous combat zones.”
* Aid halted: This month, Israel stopped allowing humanitarian aid into Gaza, another effort to pressure Hamas at the negotiating table.
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