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中東風雲錄 -- 開欄文：埃及的加薩重建方案 -- Al Jazeera
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下文為本欄開欄文。
埃及的加薩重建方案 -- Al Jazeera
What is Egypt’s plan for the reconstruction of Gaza?
Arab League endorses Egyptian proposal that provides alternative to US President Trump’s plan to take over Gaza.
Al Jazeera Staff, 03/04/25
Arab states have adopted Egypt’s Gaza reconstruction plan, providing a potential path forward after Israel’s devastating war on the Palestinian enclave.
Egypt unveiled its plan on Tuesday while hosting an Arab League Summit in its capital Cairo.
The plan offers an alternative to United States President Donald Trump’s suggestion that the Gaza Strip be depopulated to “develop” the enclave, under US control, in what critics have called ethnic cleansing. Under the Egyptian plan, Gaza’s Palestinian population would not be forced to leave the territory.
Trump had insisted that Egypt and Jordan take Palestinians forced out of Gaza by his plan, but that was quickly rejected, and the US has signalled that it is open to hearing what an Arab plan for Gaza’s post-war reconstruction would be.
Speaking at the start of the summit, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi said that Trump would be able to achieve peace in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Here’s everything you need to know about the plan, based on Al Jazeera’s own reporting, as well as drafts of the plan reported on by the Reuters news agency and the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram.
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What does the Egyptian plan call for?
The plan consists of three major stages: Interim measures, reconstruction and governance.
The first stage would last about six months, while the next two phases would take place over a combined four to five years.
The aim is to reconstruct Gaza – which Israel has almost completely destroyed – maintain peace and security and reassert the governance of the Palestinian Authority (PA) in the territory, 17 years after it was kicked out following fighting between Fatah, which dominates the PA, and Hamas.
How does the plan aim to rebuild Gaza?
A six-month interim period would require a committee of Palestinian technocrats – operating under the management of the PA – to clear the rubble from Salah al-Din Street, which is the main north-south highway in the Gaza Strip.
Once the roads are clear, 200,000 temporary housing units would be built to accommodate 1.2 million people and about 60,000 damaged buildings restored.
According to the blueprint, longer-term reconstruction requires an additional four to five years after the interim measures are completed. Over that span, the plan aims to build at least 400,000 permanent homes, as well as rebuilding Gaza’s seaport and international airport.
Gradually, basic provisions such as water, a waste system, telecommunication services and electricity would also be restored.
The plan further calls for the establishment of a Steering and Management Council, which would be a financial fund supporting the interim governing body in Gaza.
In addition, conferences will be held for international donors to provide the necessary funding for reconstruction and long-term development in the Strip.
Who would be in charge of Gaza?
The plan calls for a group of “independent Palestinian technocrats” to manage affairs in Gaza, in effect replacing Hamas.
The technocratic government would be responsible for overseeing humanitarian aid and would pave the way for the PA to administer Gaza, according to el-Sisi.
Speaking at Tuesday’s summit, PA President Mahmoud Abbas said that an election could take place next year if circumstances allowed.
On the security front, Egypt and Jordan have both pledged to train Palestinian police officers and deploy them to Gaza. The two countries have also called on the United Nations Security Council to consider authorising a peacekeeping mission to oversee governance in Gaza until reconstruction is complete.
How much is this going to cost?
Egypt is calling for $53 bn to fund the reconstruction of Gaza, with the money distributed over three phases.
In the first six-month phase it would cost $3bn to clear rubble from Salah al-Din Street, construct temporary housing and restore partially damaged homes.
The second phase would take two years and cost $20bn. The work of rubble removal would continue in this phase, as well as the establishment of utility networks and the building of more housing units.
Phase three would cost $30bn and take two and a half years. It would include completing housing for Gaza’s whole population, establishing the first phase of an industrial zone, building fishing and commercial ports, and building an airport, among other services.
According to the plan, the money will be sourced from a variety of international sources including the UN and international financial organisations as well as foreign and private sector investments.
Is the plan going to work?
There are still a number of variables that could complicate the plan. Perhaps most importantly, it is unclear whether Hamas, Israel or the US will agree to it.
Hamas welcomed the reconstruction plan, and has previously agreed to a technocratic government. But it is less clear if it will accept the return of the PA, which itself would face the perception from its critics that it has returned to Gaza on the back of Israel’s tanks.
Hamas may be willing to discuss its removal from governance, but is adamantly against its disarmament – something the Egyptian plan adopted by the Arab League did not discuss.
Israel has made it clear that this is a red line, and that Hamas will not be allowed to keep its weapons. But Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has also said that he will not allow the PA to return to Gaza.
There is also the question of whether Trump will abandon his idea of a US-controlled “Middle East Riviera” for the Egyptian plan. It is difficult to predict what Trump’s position will be, particularly if Israel signals its opposition to the Egyptian plan.
What has the response been so far?
In response to Egypt’s plan, Israel said that Arab states needed to “break free from past constraints and collaborate to create a future of stability and security in the region”.
Instead, Israel continues to back Trump’s Gaza displacement plan – which echoes a longstanding call from the Israeli far-right to depopulate Gaza.
Egypt called Israel’s response “unacceptable”, with Minister of Foreign Affairs Badr Abdelatty describing the Netanyahu government’s position as “stubborn and extremist”.
Abdelatty said it would be impossible to see peace in the region without an independent Palestinian state. “No single state should be allowed to impose its will on the international community,” he added.
The White House continues to stand by Trump’s plan for Gaza, but said it would welcome collaboration with regional partners – except Hamas.
“While the President stands by his bold vision for a post-war Gaza, he welcomes input from our Arab partners in the region. It’s clear his proposals have driven the region to come to the table rather than allow this issue to devolve into further crisis,” White House National Security Council spokesman Brian Hughes said.
“President Trump has been clear that Hamas cannot continue to govern Gaza,” he added.
相關閱讀：
Arab leaders endorse Egypt’s Gaza reconstruction plan
European leaders back 'realistic' Arab plan for Gaza
For Israel, ceasefire is a continuation of war by other means
The Egyptian Gaza plan: A deadly trap for Israel and the US
The Egyptian plan for postwar Gaza is a good starting point—but it needs changes
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美國攻擊後伊朗核武能力評估 - Richard Hall
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美國多數選民的愚蠢不僅給他們自己帶來災害，還可能給全世界帶來難以估計的混亂與傷亡。這裏也要譴責拜登和民主黨高層政客，這些人為了一己眼前的權利和利益，做了影響深遠與巨大的錯誤決定。Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’ao3每
美國的衰退固然能夠加速中國的崛起；但是，如果代價是局部或全球的核子戰爭，我認為：這是不必要與得不償失的損害和災難。Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’ao3每
請參考：
* US strikes failed to destroy Iran's nuclear sites, intelligence report says
* How badly have US strikes damaged Iran’s nuclear facilities? Here’s what to know
* Trump Lashes Out at ‘Scum’ for Revealing Bombing Was Botched (06/25/25，23：30新增)
* Hegseth and Rubio Grudgingly Admit Bomb Intel Leak Is True (06/25/26，11：35新增)
We asked three experts on Iran’s nuclear program what Trump achieved with his strikes. Their answers were concerning
Richard Hall, 06/24/25
Donald Trump was looking for a simple, if explosive, solution to stopping Iran’s nuclear ambitions when he ordered strikes on nuclear facilities across the country.
But as the smoke cleared over the three underground facilities hit by stealth bombers and cruise missiles over the weekend, experts say the result may actually bring an Iranian nuclear bomb closer to reality and raise the risk of greater U.S. involvement in the conflict.
“Technically, it's probably slightly further away, but politically it's much more imminent,” said Dr. Jeffrey Lewis, director of the East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the Middlebury Institute and a former member of the International Security Advisory Board (ISAB), which advises the Secretary of State.
“Iran has been a few months away from a nuclear weapon since about 2007. It's clear that the thing that keeps them a few months away is not their technical capacity; it's their political will. And I think whatever loss in technical capacity they have suffered, it is more than compensated for by an increase in political will,” Lewis told The Independent.
Trump described the U.S. strikes against Fordow, Natanz and Esfahan as a “spectacular military success” in brief remarks from the White House on Saturday night, adding that the sites had been “completely and totally obliterated.”
But Lewis said the showpiece of Trump’s attack — the attack on the Fordow nuclear facility, built deep underground, which required the use of 30,000-pound bunker-buster bombs — was limited in its effectiveness because Iran had time to evacuate and remove equipment before the strikes.
“I understand that Fordow has a symbolic importance to people, but it is by no means the only underground facility associated with Iran's nuclear program. And given how long it took the U.S. to strike, it's not clear to me that by the time it was hit, it was even the most important, because the Iranians had had time to power off centrifuges and possibly remove them,” he added.
One of the primary motivations for launching the attack on Iran’s nuclear facilities was to destroy Iran’s ability to enrich uranium. But the country has amassed a stockpile over the years of an estimated 400 kilograms of highly enriched uranium — enough to make around 10 nuclear weapons if it were further enriched from 60 percent where it is now, to the 90 percent required to construct a device.
Following the strikes, Rafael Grossi, the head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), said on Monday that his agency was seeking access to “account for” Iran’s highly enriched uranium stockpiles.
Vice President JD Vance conceded on Sunday that the stockpile is still in Iranian hands and its whereabouts are unknown.
"We are going to work in the coming weeks to ensure that we do something with that fuel and that's one of the things that we're going to have conversations with the Iranians about," he said.
But Vance’s desire to open negotiations with the Iranians about that missing uranium will be much more difficult since the attacks, according to Kelsey Davenport, the Director for Nonproliferation Policy at the Arms Control Association, where she focuses on the nuclear and missile programs in Iran.
She told The Independent that this weekend’s attack will make Iran “much more likely politically to pursue nuclear weapons, and the factions arguing that nuclear weapons are necessary for deterrence are only strengthened now.”
“The U.S. decision to strike Iran before diplomacy was exhausted in the midst of a negotiation process has destroyed U.S. credibility, and is going to raise serious questions about whether the U.S. could be trusted to negotiate again in good faith,” she said.
It’s not the first time Iran has been burned by Trump for seeking a negotiated settlement over its nuclear program, either.
In 2018, Trump in his first term pulled out of a nuclear deal negotiated by his predecessor, Barack Obama, that had successfully and dramatically reduced Iran’s stockpile of enriched uranium.
In response to Trump’s withdrawal and the reintroduction of sanctions, Tehran started to increase uranium enrichment and build up its stockpile once more, and removed monitoring equipment from nuclear facilities.
That led to it building a stockpile of highly enriched uranium that prompted the Israeli attack earlier this month.
“The United States faces a real quandary here,” Davemport said. “If the U.S. objective is to prevent a nuclear-armed Iran, diplomacy is going to be more challenging politically because of the U.S. credibility deficit, but also technically, because we may never know if all of Iran's enriched uranium is accounted for.
“We may never know if all of Iran’s centrifuges are accounted for,” he said.
“Any diplomatic agreement is going to need to look entirely different from what the U.S. has attempted to negotiate in the past — that is if the opportunity arises to negotiate an agreement,” she added.
There are also concerns that Iran’s nuclear program, or what is left of it, will move underground. That would begin with the stockpile of enriched uranium that is currently unaccounted for.
“If it is intact and Iran is able to keep it that way, they could potentially use it in a new covert enrichment facility to produce material for several nuclear weapons in a matter of months,” said Nicholas Miller, Assistant Professor of Government at Dartmouth College and an expert on nuclear proliferation and nonproliferation policy.
“If they think they can pull it off, Iran's leaders may calculate developing nuclear weapons is the best insurance policy against externally-backed regime change,” he added.
Miller believes the strikes have made it “more likely that the U.S. gets drawn deeply into the conflict.”
“Depending on the scope and manner of Iranian retaliation against U.S. interests, Trump may feel compelled to respond. Israel may also convince the Trump administration to aid in an effort to destroy the remnants of Iran's nuclear program,” he said.
Davenport, too, said there is a risk that the matter remains unsolved, and that might mean a longer-term commitment than Trump might have hoped for.
“There's a risk that if the United States wants to prevent a nuclear-armed Iran in the future, it's going to need to strike Iran again and again. Because Iran is going to retain that knowledge, the risk of a nuclear-armed Iran cannot be eliminated,” she said.
“If the United States broadens its objectives and attempts to overthrow the regime, that could be severely destabilizing for the region, so not an approach for preventing a nuclear-armed Iran in the long term. Regime change is not a Non-Proliferation strategy,” she added.
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美軍轟炸伊朗3處核武研究設施 -- Sam Mednick等
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自作孽不可活！美國人民就等著回教徒的報復吧。Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’
US inserts itself into Israel's war with Iran, striking 3 Iranian nuclear sites
SAM MEDNICK, AAMER MADHANI and DAVID RISING, AP, 06/22/25
TEL AVIV, Israel (AP) — The United States struck three sites in Iran early Sunday, inserting itself into Israel’s war aimed at destroying the country’s nuclear program in a risky gambit to weaken a longtime foe despite fears of a wider regional conflict.
Addressing the nation from the White House, President Donald Trump asserted that Iran’s key nuclear were “completely and fully obliterated.” There was no independent damage assessment.
It was not clear whether the U.S. would continue attacking Iran alongside its ally Israel, which has been engaged in a nine-day war with Iran. Trump acted without congressional authorization, and he warned that there would be additional strikes if Tehran retaliated against U.S. forces.
“There will either be peace or there will be tragedy for Iran,” he said.
Iran’s top diplomat, Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, warned in a post on X that the U.S. attacks “will have everlasting consequences” and that Tehran “reserves all options” to retaliate.
Iran’s ambassador to the United Nations called for an emergency Security Council meeting to discuss what he described as the U.S.’s “heinous attacks and illegal use of force” against Iran.
In a letter obtained by The Associated Press, Ambassador Amir Saeid Iravani said that the U.N.’s most powerful body must “take all necessary measures” to hold the U.S. accountable under international law and the U.N. charter.
The U.N. nuclear watchdog said later that there has been “no increase in off-site radiation levels” at the locations that the U.S. hit. The International Atomic Energy Agency sent the message via the social platform X.
Early Sunday morning Israel alerted the public of an Iranian missile launch and urged people to take shelter. Sirens sounded in Jerusalem a short while later and a series of booms were heard.
Iranian has been firing missile barrages at Israel since the war began but they have decreased in size as Israel targets Tehran’s missile launchers. The Islamic Republic may also be keeping some arms in reserve.
The Atomic Energy Organization of Iran confirmed that attacks took place on its Fordo, Isfahan and Natanz sites, but it insisted that its work will not be stopped. Iran said there were no signs of radioactive contamination at the three locations and no danger to nearby residents.
Iran has maintained that its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes only, and U.S. intelligence agencies have assessed that Tehran is not actively pursuing a bomb. However, Trump and Israeli leaders have claimed that Iran could quickly assemble a nuclear weapon, making it an imminent threat.
The decision to directly involve the U.S. in the war comes after more than a week of strikes by Israel on Iran that aimed to systematically eradicate the country’s air defenses and offensive missile capabilities, while damaging its nuclear enrichment facilities. But U.S. and Israeli officials have said American stealth bombers and the 30,000-pound (13,500-kilogram) bunker-buster bomb they alone can carry offered the best chance of destroying heavily fortified sites connected to the Iranian nuclear program buried deep underground.
“We have completed our very successful attack on the three Nuclear sites in Iran, including Fordow, Natanz, and Esfahan," Trump said in a post on social media. "All planes are now outside of Iran air space. A full payload of BOMBS was dropped on the primary site, Fordow. All planes are safely on their way home.”
Trump added in a later post: “This is an HISTORIC MOMENT FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ISRAEL, AND THE WORLD. IRAN MUST NOW AGREE TO END THIS WAR. THANK YOU!”
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised Trump's decision to attack in a video message directed at the American president.
“Your bold decision to target Iran’s nuclear facilities, with the awesome and righteous might of the United States, will change history,” he said. Netanyahu said the U.S. “has done what no other country on earth could do.”
Israel announced Sunday that it would close the country’s airspace to both inbound and outbound flights in the wake of the U.S. attacks. The war has disrupted air travel throughout the Middle East.
The White House and Pentagon did not immediately elaborate on the operation. U.S. military leaders are scheduled to provide a briefing at 8 a.m. Eastern.
The attack used bunker-buster bombs on Iran’s Fordo nuclear fuel enrichment plant that is built deep into a mountain, a U.S. official said. The weapons are designed to penetrate the ground before exploding. The official spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss military operations.
In addition, U.S. submarines launched about 30 Tomahawk missiles, according to another U.S. official who also spoke on condition of anonymity.
The strikes are a perilous decision, as Iran has pledged to retaliate if the U.S. joined the Israeli assault, and for Trump personally. He won the White House on the promise of keeping America out of costly foreign conflicts and scoffed at the value of American interventionism.
U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said he was “gravely alarmed” by the “dangerous escalation” of American strikes.
“There is a growing risk that this conflict could rapidly get out of control — with catastrophic consequences for civilians, the region, and the world,” he said in a statement.
Trump told reporters Friday that he was not interested in sending ground forces into Iran, saying it’s “the last thing you want to do.” He had previously indicated that he would make a final choice over the course of two weeks.
Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei warned the United States on Wednesday that strikes targeting the Islamic Republic will “result in irreparable damage for them.” And Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Esmail Baghaei declared “any American intervention would be a recipe for an all-out war in the region."
Trump has vowed that he would not allow Iran to obtain a nuclear weapon, and he had initially hoped that the threat of force would bring the country’s leaders to give up its nuclear program peacefully.
The Israeli military said Saturday it was preparing for the possibility of a lengthy war, while Iran’s foreign minister warned before the U.S. attack that American military involvement “would be very, very dangerous for everyone.”
The prospect of a wider war loomed. Iranian-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen said they would resume attacks on U.S. vessels in the Red Sea if the Trump administration joined Israel’s military campaign. The Houthis paused such attacks in May under a deal with the U.S.
White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said Thursday that Trump planned to make his decision on the strikes within two weeks. Instead, he struck just two days later.
Trump appears to have made the calculation — at the prodding of Israeli officials and many Republican lawmakers — that Israel’s operation had softened the ground and presented a perhaps unparalleled opportunity to set back Iran’s nuclear program, perhaps permanently.
The Israelis say their offensive has already crippled Iran’s air defenses, allowing them to significantly degrade multiple Iranian nuclear sites.
But to destroy the Fordo nuclear fuel enrichment plant, Israel appealed to Trump for the bunker-busting American bomb known as the GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator, which uses its weight and sheer kinetic force to reach deeply buried targets and then explode. The bomb is currently delivered only by the B-2 stealth bomber, which is only found in the American arsenal.
It was the first combat use of the weapon.
The bomb carries a conventional warhead, and is believed to be able to penetrate about 200 feet (61 meters) below the surface before exploding, and the bombs can be dropped one after another, effectively drilling deeper and deeper with each successive blast.
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中、俄呼籲以、伊情勢降溫 - Nectar Gan
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從全局和長遠看，習總心裏大概巴不得川瘋出兵伊朗。一旦美國陷入另一場沒完沒了的戰爭，或招惹上防不勝防的恐怖份子攻擊；不但台灣問題的解決可以大幅提前進度，中國超越美國的日程也將幾何級數縮短。
Xi and Putin present united front over Israel-Iran crisis, in veiled message to Trump
Nectar Gan, CNN, 06/20/25
Hong Kong CNN — China and Russia positioning themselves as voices of reason, calling for de-escalation of a conflict the United States is contemplating on entering — these are the optics Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin sought to project during a phone call on Thursday.
As US President Donald Trump weighs joining Israel in attacking Iran, the fast-spiralling conflict between two sworn enemies in the Middle East has presented Beijing and Moscow another opportunity to cast themselves as an alternative to US power.
In their call, Putin and Xi strongly condemned Israel’s actions, calling them a breach of the UN Charter and other norms of international law, according to the Kremlin. (The elephant in the room, of course, is Russia’s own violations of international law in its ongoing war against Ukraine — which Beijing has consistently refused to condemn.)
In Beijing’s readout, Xi struck a more measured tone and stopped short of explicitly condemning Israel — unlike his foreign minister, who did just that in a call with his Iranian counterpart last week.
Instead, the Chinese leader urged the warring parties, “especially Israel,” to cease fire as soon as possible to avoid further escalation and regional spillover.
And notably, in a veiled message to Trump, Xi emphasized that “major powers” that have a special influence on the parties to the conflict should work to “cool the situation, not the opposite.”
Beijing has long accused Washington of being a source of instability and tensions in the Middle East — and some Chinese scholars are now seizing on the Iran crisis to underscore that point.
Liu Zhongmin, a Middle East expert at the Shanghai International Studies University, attributed the latest flareup to the uncertainty created by Trump’s second presidency and the chaotic, opportunistic and transactional nature of his Middle East policy.
“(Trump) has seriously undermined the authority and credibility of US policy in the Middle East, eroded America’s leadership and image among its allies while also weakening its ability to threaten and deter regional adversaries,” Liu wrote in state media this week.
Another Middle East ‘forever war’?
Some Chinese online commentators have noted that Trump appears on the brink of pulling the US deeper into another so-called forever war in the Middle East.
At the outset of his second term, officials close to Trump repeatedly stressed the need for Washington to redirect its focus and resources toward countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific. Yet five months in, the wars in Ukraine and Gaza continue to rage on — and Trump is now weighing US involvement in the Israel-Iran conflict.
Beijing has no interest in seeing an all-out war against Iran that could topple the regime. Under Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran has emerged as a formidable power in the Middle East and a vital counterweight to US dominance — just as China is working to expand its own diplomatic and economic footprint in the region.
In 2023, Beijing helped broker a surprise rapprochement between arch-rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran – a deal that signaled its ambition to emerge as a new powerbroker in the region.
China has long backed Iran through sustained oil imports and its seat on the UN Security Council. In recent years, the two countries have deepened their strategic ties, including holding joint naval exercises alongside Russia. Beijing welcomed Tehran into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and BRICS – groupings led by China and Russia to challenge the US-led world order.
Iran is also a critical node in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), its global infrastructure and investment drive. The country lies near the strategic Gwadar port — a key BRI outpost in Pakistan that gives China access to the Indian Ocean — and borders the Strait of Hormuz, a vital chokepoint for Chinese oil imports from the Persian Gulf.
Like Russia, China has offered to be a potential mediator in the Israel-Iran conflict, casting its role as a peace broker and an alternative to US leadership.
During his call with Putin, Xi laid out four broad proposals to de-escalate tensions, including resolving the Iran nuclear issue through dialogue and safeguarding civilians, according to the Chinese readout.
Meanwhile, Xi’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi has had a busy week on the phone, speaking with his counterparts in Iran, Israel, Egypt and Oman in a flurry of diplomatic outreach.
Yet it remains unclear what Beijing is willing and able to do when it comes to actually mediating the conflict. In the early stages of Israel’s war on Gaza, China made a similar offer and dispatched a special envoy to the region to promote peace talks — efforts that ultimately yielded little in terms of concrete results.
Brokering peace in the Middle East is a tall order, especially for a country with little experience or expertise in mediating protracted, intractable conflicts – in a deeply divided region where it lacks a meaningful political or security presence.
And in the one conflict where China does hold significant leverage — the war in Ukraine — Xi has offered diplomatic cover and much-needed economic support to help sustain Putin’s war effort, even as China continues to cast itself as a neutral peace broker.
Still, at a time when America’s global leadership is under growing scrutiny, particularly in the eyes of the Global South, presenting itself as a voice of restraint in the Iran conflict may already count as a symbolic win for Beijing.
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川瘋給自己挖坑-Irie Sentner
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川瘋這次到時候又會虛晃一招，自動無限延期；還是一條路走到黑，把MAGA變成MALA？ ”L” stands for “Loser”。
美國總統說：「跳」，外國領袖問：「多高？」；這種時代已經過去至少10年了。
Trump to make a decision on Iran within two weeks
Irie Sentner, 06/20/25
President Donald Trump has set a two-week deadline to decide if the United States will strike Iran.
"Based on the fact that there is a substantial chance of negotiations that may or may not take place in the near future, I will make my decision of whether or not to go within the next two weeks," White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt said Thursday, reading a statement from the president to reporters.
Leavitt said Trump would prefer a diplomatic solution, but the president — in consultation with the National Security Council — is weighing U.S. military intervention to keep Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon, according to a recent POLITICO report. The U.S. is the only country with the military capacity to destroy Iran’s nuclear program.
“Iran has all that it needs to achieve a nuclear weapon,” Leavitt said. “All they need is a decision from the supreme leader to do that, and it would take a couple of weeks to complete the production of that weapon, which would of course pose an existential threat not just to Israel, but to the United States and to the entire world.”
The comments came at the end of a week of heightened tension in the decades-long conflict between Israel and Iran. As Iran and Israel lobbed rockets at each other, Trump left the Group of Seven conference early and has convened multiple meetings in the Situation Room.
The conflict has divided Trump’s coalition, driving a rift between an isolationist faction and hawks who have long sought to hobble Iran. Leavitt said Trump has long maintained his position that the U.S. should interfere to keep Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon and quoted his comments on the subject from more than a decade ago.
“The president has made it clear he always wants to pursue diplomacy, but believe me, the president is unafraid to use strength as necessary,” Leavitt said. “And Iran and the entire world should know that the United States military is the strongest and most lethal fighting force in the world, and we have capabilities that no other country on this planet possesses.”
Leavitt declined to answer whether the president wanted regime change in Iran, which has been a goal of hawks like Sen. Lindsey Graham and a red line for MAGA isolationists.
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以、伊戰爭掌握制空權之優勢 - Jake Epstein
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我初二時讀了《孫子》；初三或高一時讀「八年抗日戰爭史」(或類似書名)。所以，對軍事和軍事學一直保持高度興趣；自然對跟「戰術」和「戰略」相關報導/分析有著「存檔備查」的習慣。下文屬之。
Israel's air superiority lets it strike Iran on the cheap — and force Tehran into costly retaliation
Jake Epstein,, 06/17/25
* Israeli fighter jets have battered Iran's air defenses, allowing them to operate more freely.
* The degraded surface-to-air missile threat means Israeli aircraft can use cheaper weapons to strike.
* Iran, meanwhile, is left retaliating with its more expensive ballistic missiles.
The Israeli military says it has achieved air superiority over swaths of Iran, including the capital Tehran, after battering the country's air defenses in recent bombing runs.
The Monday declaration that Israel has an overwhelming advantage in the air comes just a few days into an intensive operation aimed at degrading Iran's nuclear program and wiping out its military capabilities, including a substantial number of surface-to-air missile launchers.
Israel is operating its F-35I stealth fighter jets above Iran and also its fourth-generation aircraft, like the F-16 and F-15, that lack some of the same low observable capabilities but can drop cheap glide bombs on Iranian targets.
On Sunday, Israeli fighter jets struck the Mashhad airport in eastern Iran, some 1,400 miles away, marking Israel's longest-range attack since beginning its bombing campaign and further underscoring its ability to fly largely uncontested above Iran.
The effective Israeli strikes on Iranian air defenses and military airports "will degrade Iran's ability to restrict Israeli operations in its airspace," the Institute for the Study of War, a conflict studies think tank in Washington, DC, said on Sunday.
Weapons analysts have identified Israeli fighter jets armed with Joint Direct Attack Munitions. JDAMs, which are made by the US defense contractor Boeing, are dumb bombs fitted with relatively cheap guidance kits that turn them into precision-guided munitions. These weapons are not considered stand-off weapons.
Analysts have also spotted Israeli aircraft armed with SPICE bombs. Like JDAMs, guidance kits that turn dumb bombs into precision weapons. They are made by the local defense firm Rafael Advanced Defense Systems.
Open-source intelligence accounts have noted the use of JDAMs and SPICE — which stands for Smart, Precise Impact, Cost-Effective — bombs in the airstrikes across Iran, including around Tehran. Israel's ability to fire these munitions suggests it is less concerned about defenses and does not necessarily have to employ its more expensive missiles for high-value targets. It has more options.
Iran, which lacks a strong air force, has retaliated against Israel by firing more than 370 ballistic missiles in multiple waves since Friday. There have been at least 30 impact sites so far, killing two dozen people and wounding over 590 others, according to Israeli government statistics.
Ballistic missiles, which can cost millions of dollars apiece, are much more expensive than the individual JDAMs and SPICE bombs Israel is using to strike Iran. A single JDAM, for instance, may cost only tens of thousands of dollars.
By firing multiple salvos of missiles, Iran is depleting its stockpiles; it is estimated to have hundreds, possibly thousands, that can reach Israel. Israel said on Monday that it had destroyed a third of Tehran's launchers during the fight, limiting its ability to get missiles off the ground.
Iran has also launched hundreds of drones at Israel. While these are much cheaper than the missiles — Tehran's notorious Shahed-136 drone is estimated to cost as little as $20,000 — these weapons also travel significantly slower and are much easier to intercept.
However, Iran's missile and drone fire forces Israel to expend valuable air defenses, adding to a growing financial toll. At the lower end, a single Iron Dome interceptor costs some $50,000. A missile launched from the Arrow-3 system, which can intercept incoming targets in space, costs several million dollars.
US officials said American forces in the region have helped to shoot down Iranian missiles aimed at Israel, but they have said that Washington is not involved in offensive operations.
Israeli officials announced the start of "Operation Rising Lion," aimed at degrading Iran's nuclear program, last Friday.
Israeli fighter jets have carried out widespread airstrikes across Iran, targeting its nuclear facilities and top scientists, in addition to other military targets, such as Tehran's missile launchers, weapons production sites, air defenses, and senior commanders.
The operation could derail President Donald Trump's efforts to reach a new nuclear deal with Iran. Tehran argues that its nuclear program is for civilian use only. However, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has long pushed for a military approach to deal with what he describes as an existential threat.
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Israel strikes live updates: Iran launches dozens of missiles toward Israel
RILEY HOFFMAN, LEAH SARNOFF, JACK MOORE, JON HAWORTH and NADINE EL-BAWAB, ABC News, 06/14/25
Israel launched dozens of strikes against Iran early Friday morning local time, striking at the heart of the country's nuclear program, killing several nuclear scientists as well as high-ranking military leaders, according to Israeli officials.
Iran responded with an aerial attack involving about 100 drones, Israel said, but all of them were shot down before hitting their target.
The U.S. did not provide any assistance or have any involvement in the Israeli strike, a U.S. official told ABC News.
Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’
Latest Developments
Jun 13, 2:47 PM
Sirens in northern Israel, Tel Aviv
Sirens are going off in northern Israel and Tel Aviv, ABC News can confirm.
Sirens are "expected soon in Haifa, Galilee and Golan," the Israel Defense Forces Homefront Command announced.
"The attack is ongoing," the IDF said in an updated statement. "The explosions you are hearing are from inerceptions or fallen projectiles."
-ABC News' Dana Savir and Jordana Miller
Jun 13, 2:41 PM
Iran launches 2nd round of missiles toward Israel
Iran has launched a second round of missiles toward Israel, the Israel Defense Forces said Friday
"Another volley of dozens of missiles was launched towards" Israel, an IDF spokesperson said in a statement.
"The explosions you hear are from interceptions or crashes. The air defense system constantly identifies and intercepts threats," the IDF said.
Jun 13, 2:44 PM
Israel should anticipate 'severe punishment,' Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei says
After its attack on Iran, Israel should anticipate "severe punishment," Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Khamenei said in a statement read on Iranian TV Friday.
"The powerful arm of the Islamic Republic’s Armed Forces won’t let them go unpunished. In the enemy’s attacks, several commanders and scientists have been martyred. God willing, their successors and colleagues will carry on with their duties without delay. With this crime, the Zionist regime has prepared for itself a bitter, painful fate, which it will definitely see," Khamenei said.
"[Israel] has revealed its malicious nature even more than before by targeting residential areas," he said.
-ABC News' Tomek Rolski
Jun 13, 2:33 PM
Iran launches dozens of missiles toward Israel, Israel working to intercept: IDF
Iran has launched dozens of ballistic missiles toward Israel, which defense systems are operating to intercept, an Israeli military official said Friday."The public is instructed to enter a protected space and remain there until further notice. Leaving the protected space is only permitted following an explicit directive. Continue to follow the instructions of the Home Front Command," the IDF said in a statement.
Jun 13, 1:44 PM
US Embassy in Israel says no plans to evacuate Americans
U.S. government employees in Israel are still directed to shelter in place, with no plans to evacuate Americans or help with departures at this point.
"Ben Gurion Airport is currently closed, and there are no commercial or charter flights operating from there. Land crossings to Jordan are currently operating (although they are closed on Saturdays)," the government said.
-ABC News' Shannon K. Kingston
Jun 13, 1:46 PM
Israel strikes Iranian nuclear facility in Isfahan, IDF says
Israel has confirmed it struck a nuclear facility in Isfahan, Israel Defense Forces spokesperson Effie Defrin said Friday evening local time.
“I can now confirm that we struck the nuclear facility in Isfahan. The operation is still ongoing," Defrin said.
-ABC News' Jordana Miller
Jun 13, 1:18 PM
US-Iran talks unlikely to happen this weekend, Iranian official says
It's unlikely the sixth round of talks between the U.S. and Iran on a potential nuclear deal will happen this weekend in Oman, Iranian Member of Parliament Alaeddin Boroujerdi said on Iranian TV Friday.
"We are on the verge of the sixth round, which I don't think will happen with these developments, because they have, in fact, shown their entry into our red lines. Therefore, I think this is in connection with the nuclear issue," Boroujerdi said, in an interview in Farsi.
Boroujerdi said Iran entered into the negotiations with a "fair amount of open-mindedness at the request of the United States."
U.S. Special Envoy to the Middle East Steve Witkoff had been scheduled to meet with Iranian officials on Sunday prior to the overnight attacks.
Jun 13, 1:16 PM
Attacks will last for days, maybe even weeks, IDF official says
Israel's attacks on Iran can be expected to last for days, maybe even weeks, an Israel Defense Forces official told ABC News. The goal is to get the job done, the source said, which means destroying Iran's nuclear capability and missile arsenal.
Israel has complete control over the skies in Iran, having denuded the country of its air defenses in the previous two attacks last year, the source said.
The reason Iran hasn't launched missiles in reprisal is not because it's biding its time, but it's because Israel has destroyed the missiles that were ready for launch, according to the source.
The source underscored that 200 or so Israeli jets flew a 2,000 mile round trip over other semi-hostile nations, like Syria and Iraq, without a single mishap and without a single casualty.
-ABC News' Matt Gutman
Jun 13, 12:45 PM
Israeli attacks in Iran are ongoing
Israeli forces' attacks on Iran are ongoing, according to the Israel Defense Forces Chief of the General Staff Lt. Gen. Eyal Zamir.
"We are continuing with full force and at a high pace in order to meet the goals we have set for ourselves," Zamir said in a statement Friday evening local time.
"We are continuing with the two main efforts we set for ourselves – the defensive effort and the offensive effort," Zamir said. "I remind everyone that we are facing a dangerous and complex enemy, and we must maintain a very high level of readiness."
Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’
-ABC News' Jordana Miller
Trump is already lowering the bar on China tariffs blasting President Xi as ‘hard to make a deal with’
Click here to read the rest of the blog.
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Israel attacks Iran's capital with explosions booming across Tehran
JON GAMBRELL and JOSEF FEDERMAN, 06/13/25
JERUSALEM (AP) — Iranian state television says the head of Iran’s paramilitary Revolutionary Guard is feared dead after an Israeli attack.
The report offered few other details about what happened to Gen. Hossein Salami of the Guard.
The report on air added that one other top Guard officials, as well as two nuclear scientists were also feared dead.
State television also reported the attack set the headquarters of Iran’s paramilitary Revolutionary Guard ablaze.
Multiple sites in the capital had been hit in the attack, which Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said targeted both nuclear and military sites and officials leading Iran’s nuclear program and its ballistic missile arsenal.
THIS IS A BREAKING NEWS UPDATE. AP’s earlier story follows below.
JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel attacked Iran's capital early Friday, with explosions booming across Tehran as Israel said it targeted nuclear and military sites.
The attack comes as tensions have reached new heights over Tehran's rapidly advancing nuclear program. The Board of Governors at the International Atomic Energy Agency for the first time in 20 years on Thursday censured Iran over it not working with its inspectors. Iran immediately announced it would establish a third enrichment site in the country and swap out some centrifuges for more-advanced ones.
Israel for years has warned it will not allow Iran to build a nuclear weapon, something Tehran insists it doesn’t want — though official there have repeatedly warned it could build them. The U.S. has been preparing for something to happen, already pulling some diplomats from Iraq’s capital and offering voluntary evacuations for the families of U.S. troops in the wider Middle East.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in an address on YouTube that the attacks will continue “for as many days at it takes to remove this threat.”
U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio said Israel took “unilateral action against Iran” and that Israel advised the U.S. that it believed the strikes were necessary for its self-defense.
“We are not involved in strikes against Iran and our top priority is protecting American forces in the region,” Rubio said in a statement released by the White House.
Rubio also issued a warning to Iran that it should not target U.S. interests or personnel.
People in Tehran awoke to the sound of the blast. State television acknowledged the blast.
It wasn't immediately clear what had been hit, though smoke could be rising from Chitgar, a neighborhood in western Tehran. There are no known nuclear sites in that area — but it wasn't immediately clear if anything was happening in the rest of the country.
An Israeli military official says that his country targeted Iranian nuclear sites, without identifying them.
The official spoke to journalists on condition of anonymity to discuss the ongoing operation, which is also targeting military sites.
Benchmark Brent crude spiked on the attack, rising nearly 5% on the news.
Israel's Defense Minister Israel Katz said that his country carried out the attack, without saying what it targeted.
“In the wake of the state of Israel’s preventive attack against Iran, missile and drone attacks against Israel and its civilian population are expected immediately," he said in a statement.
The statement added that Katz “signed a special order declaring an emergency situation in the home front.”
“It is essential to listen to instructions from the home front command and authorities to stay in protected areas,” it said
Both Iran and Israel closed their airspace.
As the explosions in Tehran started, President Donald Trump was on the lawn of the White House mingling with members of Congress. It was unclear if he had been informed but the president continued shaking hands and posing for pictures for several minutes.
Trump earlier said he was urging Netanyahu to hold off from taking action for the time being while the administration negotiated with Iran.
“As long as I think there is a (chance for an) agreement, I don’t want them going in because I think it would blow it,” Trump told reporters.
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從對乎舍軍的空中攻擊可以看出：普政府沒有一個完整、經過通盤考慮、具有清楚目標的中東政策。她採取的行動仍然以秀肌肉、搶頭條、搏版面為目的。
US launches wave of air strikes on Yemen's Houthis
Malu Cursino, BBC News, 03/16/25
The US has launched a "decisive and powerful" wave of air strikes on Houthi rebels in Yemen, President Donald Trump has said, citing the group's attacks on shipping in the Red Sea as the reason.
"Funded by Iran, the Houthi thugs have fired missiles at US aircraft, and targeted our Troops and Allies," Trump said on social media, adding that their "piracy, violence, and terrorism" had cost "billions" and put lives at risk.
The Houthi-run health ministry said at least 31 people were killed and 101 others were injured in the strikes.
The group later said it would continue to target Red Sea shipping until Israel lifted its blockade of Gaza, and that its forces would respond to the strikes.
The Houthis reported a series of explosions on Saturday evening in the Yemeni capital, Sanaa, and in the northern province of Saada - the rebels' stronghold on the border with Saudi Arabia.
The Iranian-backed rebel group, which considers Israel its enemy, controls Sanaa and the north-west of Yemen, but it is not the country's internationally recognised government.
Unverified images show plumes of black smoke over the area of Sanaa's airport - which includes a military facility.
In a statement, the Houthis blamed the US and the UK for "wicked" aggression targeting residential areas in Sanaa.
The UK did not participate in Saturday's US strikes against the Houthi targets but it did provide routine refuelling support for the US.
The Houthis have said they are acting in support of the Palestinians in the war between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, and have claimed - often falsely - that they are targeting ships only linked to Israel, the US or the UK.
Since November 2023, the Houthis have targeted dozens of merchant vessels with missiles, drones and small boat attacks in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. They have sunk two vessels, seized a third, and killed four crew members.
These attacks, Trump said, "will not be tolerated".
He added: "We will use overwhelming lethal force until we have achieved our objective."
The Houthis have not been deterred by the deployment of Western warships to protect merchant vessels, or by multiple rounds of US and British air strikes on its military targets.
Israel has also carried out air strikes against the Houthis since July, in retaliation to the 400 missiles and drones that the Israeli military said had been launched at the country from Yemen, most of which were shot down.
Major shipping companies have been forced to stop using the Red Sea - through which almost 15% of global seaborne trade usually passes - and use a much longer route around southern Africa instead.
Trump said that it had been more than a year since a US-flagged ship had sailed safely through the Suez Canal - which the Red Sea leads to - and four months since a US warship had been through the body of water between east Africa and the Arabian peninsula.
The Suez Canal is the quickest sea route between Asia and Europe, and is particularly important in the transportation of oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG).
Addressing the Houthis directly, Trump wrote that if they did not stop, "HELL WILL RAIN DOWN UPON YOU LIKE NOTHING YOU HAVE EVER SEEN BEFORE".
But the Houthis were unwavering in their response, saying the aggression would not diminish their support for Palestinians.
"This aggression will not go without response and our Yemeni armed forces are ready to answer escalation with further escalation," the group said.
Trump urged Iran to cease its support for the Houthis, warning that Washington would hold Tehran "fully accountable and, we won't be nice about it".
He also accused the previous White House administration, under Joe Biden, of being "pathetically weak" and allowing the "unrestrained Houthis" to keep going.
Iran's Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said the US government had "no authority, or business, dictating Iranian foreign policy".
"End support for Israeli genocide and terrorism," he posted on X on Sunday. "Stop killing of Yemeni people."
US Secretary of State Marco Rubio also discussed military deterrence operations against the Houthis when he spoke with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov on Saturday.
Rubio emphasised that "continued Houthi attacks on US military and commercial shipping vessels in the Red Sea will not be tolerated", a State Department spokesperson said.
Lavrov, for his part, stressed the need for "an immediate cessation of the use of force" and the "importance for all sides to engage in political dialogue in order to find a solution that would prevent further bloodshed", said the Russian foreign ministry.
相關報導：
Who are the Houthis and why are they attacking ships?
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鄂多萬縱橫捭闔土耳其以及國際政壇20年，的確是個狠角色。現在不得不走出逮捕反對黨領袖的奧步，大概選局從風聲鶴唳惡化到草木皆兵了。
Sixth night of protests in Turkey as Erdogan hits out at unrest
Alex Boyd/Mahmut Hamsici, BBC News, 03/25/25
Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has blamed opposition parties for provoking a "movement of violence" as protests in the country continued for a sixth night.
Unrest began in Istanbul last Wednesday when the city's Mayor Ekrem Imamoglu - Erdogan's main political rival - was detained on corruption charges.
Imamoglu said the allegations against him were politically motivated, a claim Erdogan has denied.
Turkey's main opposition party, the Republican People's Party's (CHP), which announced Imamoglu as its presidential candidate on Sunday, said the demonstrations will end on Tuesday, without saying what the next steps would be.
Erdogan has labelled the demonstrations "evil" and blamed the opposition for "disturbing the peace of our citizens with provocations".
Speaking from Ankara, Turkey's capital, Erdogan called for the protests to end and said that "instead of responding to allegations", opposition parties had "made the most vile and unlawful statements in our political history for [the past] five days".
On Monday, vehicles carrying water cannons were seen close to the city hall, though protests appeared to be largely peaceful with no repeat of the fierce clashes seen on Sunday.
Lydia, one of the demonstrators, told AFP that the Turkish authorities were "hunting us like pests", adding: "They sprayed pepper spray on us like insecticides."
Young people - many of whom may not know any other government than this one under Erdogan - have played an important role in the protests.
They have differing political views and do not appear to be affiliated with a particular political movement at the protests. They are rallying against the government, but they do not hesitate to criticise the opposition as well.
Asked if she is afraid of the potential repercussions of demonstrating, one woman told the BBC: "There is nothing left to lose."
Another, a 25-year-old woman who attended Sunday's protest, said she was afraid before - "but now I'm just angry".
In figures released before Monday evening's gatherings, the Turkish government said 1,133 people had been arrested since the protests began.
With the CHP apparently ending its rallies in Istanbul, it is unclear if other spontaneous protests will continue.
CHP leader Ozgur Ozel spoke to the thousands gathered on Monday night, telling the crowd that the demonstration was "an act of defiance against fascism".
Ozel said he would visit Imamoglu in jail in Silivri on Tuesday. He added that the CHP would appeal for him to be released pending trial, and for his trial to be shown live on state broadcaster TRT.
Imamoglu was confirmed as the CHP's candidate for Turkey's 2028 presidential election on Monday, despite being in custody. The selection vote was symbolic as he had been the only person running.
He had spent the previous night in jail after being formally arrested and charged with "establishing and managing a criminal organisation, taking bribes, extortion, unlawfully recording personal data and rigging a tender". He was also suspended from his post as mayor.
Prosecutors had also accused him of "aiding an armed terrorist organisation", but this was not included in the charges.
Before he was detained, Istanbul University said it was revoking Imamoglu's degree. If upheld, it would throw his presidential run into question, as the Turkish constitution requires presidents to have completed higher education.
In a post on X over the weekend, Imamoglu said he would "never bow" and criticised his arrest as a "black stain on our democracy".
His wife, Dilek Kaya Imamoglu, told demonstrators outside Istanbul's city hall that the "injustice" her husband faced had "struck a chord with every conscience".
Much of the protesters' anger is directed at Erdogan and his government.
"I don't know what he did 20 years ago, but nowadays, he is just a dictator," Irmak, a 22-year-old university student, told the BBC World Service at a demonstration in the Sarachane area of Istanbul.
Irmak and her friends, Ozge and Elif, said they had activated the location sharing feature on their phones, as they fear being detained by police.
These demonstrations have been the largest in Turkey since the Gezi protests of 2013, which began in Istanbul over the demolition of a local park.
They have been largely peaceful, but on Sunday police officers fired water cannons and used pepper spray as clashes unfolded.
"We are the fruits of the trees of the Gezis," Irmak said. "We are here to protect democracy. It's not just about Ekrem Imamoglu - it's about Turkey's democracy."
Lydia, a protester, said Turkish authorities "spray pepper spray on us like insecticides"
Imamoglu was one of more than 100 people detained last week as part of an investigation. Others arrested included politicians, journalists and businessmen.
"We are not accepting this injustice," Mustafa, among the protesters, told the BBC. "We want democracy and we want our friends back because Imomoglu is not the only one behind the bars right now."
He added: "We want to re-establish democracy in this country and we want to save the republic from this authoritarian populist regime. And for the short term, we just want our mayor back, we want our friends back."
Imamoglu's arrest does not prevent his candidacy or election as president, but he will not be able to run if he is convicted of any of the charges against him.
The opposition mayor is seen as one of the most formidable rivals of Erdogan, who has held office in Turkey for 22 years as both prime minister and president.
Erdogan's term in office is due to expire in 2028, and under the current rules, he cannot stand again – but he could call an early election or try to change the constitution to allow him to remain in power for longer.
Turkey's Ministry of Justice has criticised those connecting Erdogan to the arrests, and insisted on its judicial independence.
Additional reporting by Isabella Bull
相關報導：
Erdogan: Turkey's all-powerful leader of 20 years
Turkey protests are about far more than fate of Istanbul's mayor
Who is Turkish opposition leader Ekrem Imamoglu?
Why are people protesting in Turkey?
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Live Updates: Israel Carries Out Deadly Strikes in Gaza and Warns of Intensified Attacks
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s office said Israel would use “increasing military strength” against Hamas after talks with the group reached an impasse. The aerial assault, the first major strikes in Gaza since a truce began in January, killed hundreds, Gazan health officials said.
Yan Zhuang/Rawan Sheikh Ahmad/Patrick Kingsley/Aaron Boxerman, 03/18/25
Here are the latest developments.
Israeli forces launched large aerial attacks across the Gaza Strip on Tuesday morning, killing more than 400 people, Gaza’s health ministry said. They were the first major strikes on the territory since Israel agreed to a cease-fire with Hamas about two months ago, raising the prospect of a return to all-out war.
The attacks followed weeks of fruitless negotiations aimed at extending the fragile cease-fire, which began in mid-January and paused 15 months of devastating fighting in the territory. By midday on Tuesday, it remained unclear whether the strikes were a brief attempt to force Hamas to compromise in the talks or the beginning of a new phase in the conflict.
Just before 2:30 a.m. local time, the Israeli military announced that it was conducting “extensive strikes” on Hamas targets. The office of the Israeli prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, said he had ordered the military operation following the “repeated refusal” by Hamas to release the hostages still held in Gaza and warned, “From now on, Israel will act against Hamas with increasing military strength.”
Hamas accused Israel of deciding to “overturn the cease-fire agreement, exposing the prisoners in Gaza to an unknown fate,” referring to the remaining hostages. The group has yet to respond militarily to the attacks, leaving Israelis and Palestinians waiting to see whether the Palestinian group would escalate or head to the negotiating table.
Hundreds of Palestinians, including children, were killed in the strikes, according to the Gazan health ministry, whose figures do not differentiate between civilians and combatants.
The White House press secretary, Karoline Leavitt, said Israel had consulted the White House before launching the strikes. The United States recently began a wave of attacks in Yemen against the Houthi militant group, which, like Hamas, is backed by Iran. The Houthis had fired missiles and drones at Israel for more than a year as part of the war.
“As President Trump has made clear, Hamas, the Houthis, all those who seek to terrorize not just Israel but also the United States of America, will see a price to pay,” Ms. Leavitt said on Fox News Monday night. “All hell will break loose.”
Before the Israeli assault, which took place during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, Israel and Hamas had been negotiating the next steps in the truce. The next phase is supposed to free more hostages taken during the Hamas-led Oct. 7, 2023, attack that set off the Israeli military offensive in Gaza.
Mediators had hoped the talks would lead to an end to the war. But Israeli leaders said they were unwilling to stop the fighting until the end of Hamas’s rule in the territory.
Here’s what else to know:
* Hamas officials killed: Hamas publicly announced the deaths of at least five senior officials among the group’s Gaza leadership. Two, like Yasser Harb, were officials in the group’s political bureau. Three others, including Bahjat Abu Sultan — director of Hamas’s feared internal security agency — held senior security roles.
* Fate of hostages: Fewer than half of the 59 hostages remaining in Gaza are thought to be alive, according to the Israeli government. Their fate is deeply important to Israelis, who want to bring them home, and to Hamas, which views them as bargaining chips.
* Fear and frustration: After two months of relative quiet, the strikes left Gazans with an unmistakable message: The war had returned, at least for now.
* Evacuation orders: The Israeli military ordered Palestinians living in parts of Gaza close to the border with Israel to leave their homes, labeling the areas “dangerous combat zones.”
* Aid halted: This month, Israel stopped allowing humanitarian aid into Gaza, another effort to pressure Hamas at the negotiating table.
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