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古代文化/文明小檔案 – 開欄文
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2023/10/27 04:22 瀏覽5,783 ｜回應37｜推薦2 |
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我最近讀到兩篇介紹文化/文明的報導。由於我在寫一篇討論建劬兄《走出歐洲中心主義的心路歷程 -- 命運共同體 VS 文明衝突論》的文章，順帶把它們轉登在此處做為參考資料。我不日會提出我對「文化」和「文明」淺見，在該文中將說明「文化/文明」一詞的用法。
過些時間，我會把關於中國考古工作的資訊整理一下，發表在此欄。
本文於 2024/05/02 16:13 修改第 3 次
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米勒特神話及其迷宮遺址 ---- Eyal Green
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2024/06/26 08:34 推薦1 |
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Living Greek mythology: New discovery in Crete may be legendary Minotaur labyrinth
A 4,000-year-old circular structure resembling Minoan tomb architecture was unearthed near Kastelli, Crete, suggesting it could be the legendary labyrinth of King Minos.
EYAL GREEN, 06/22/24
While working on a new airport, a 4,000-year-old structure was discovered in Crete, and may have been the legendary labyrinth built for Minoan King Minos, LiveScience reported last week.
Atop a hill near the town of Kastelli - and approximately 51 kilometers southeast of Heraklion, Crete’s capital city – the ancient structure features a unique architectural design, commonly attributed to the Minoan civilization, and is believed to have been constructed around 2000-1700 B.C.
The structure, measuring 48 meters in diameter, features two main sections: a central circular building and an outer area formed by walls and created by a pattern similar to the spokes of a wheel. The building consists of eight stone rings intersected by small walls, creating a labyrinthine layout.
The recently discovered circular building near Kastelli, according to the Greek Culture Ministry’s statement, appears to have functioned as a site for community-wide ritual feasts rather than a residential complex. This theory was made when bones of numerous animals, among other artifacts, were found in the area, suggesting ceremonies involving food, wine, and various offerings.
Unlike the traditional square or rectangular layout of Minoan palaces like Knossos, the Kastelli structure's circular design aligns more closely with that of Minoan tombs, marking it as a unique architectural find. Its specific dimensions and exact height remain undetermined as archaeological investigations are still underway.
Ongoing research efforts, conducted in collaboration with the Greek Interior and the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority, aim to further understand the building's purpose and ensure its preservation for future study. This collaborative work emphasizes the significance of the site in shedding light on ancient Minoan cultural practices and architectural diversity, according to LiveScience.
Who were the Minoans
A Bronze Age civilization, the Minoan people, once forgotten after the civilization’s collapse, was rediscovered by Sir Arthur Evans in his early 20th-century archaeological efforts. Evans coined the term "Minoan" after King Minos of mythology.
Archaeologists have dated the ancient culture to around 3000 and 1100 B.C. However, despite their complex culture and artifacts like pottery and frescoes, the Minoans' written language remains undeciphered.
Knossos, the most famous Minoan palace, represents their architecture: centered around a large open area with corridors leading to numerous smaller rooms. Despite being termed "palaces," these structures primarily served as administrative centers rather than royal residences.
The Minotaur and the Labyrinth
According to Britannica, in Greek mythology, when King Minos of Crete refused to sacrifice a majestic white bull with golden horns and hooves to Poseidon (who also gifted Minos the beast), the god punished King Minos by having his wife, Pasiphae, bear a half breed child from the same divine white bull. Poseidon's wrath caused Pasiphae to fall for the bull, and their offspring, the Minotaur, was confined within a labyrinthine structure crafted by Daedalus at King Minos’ request.
Later, when King Minos, sought vengeance for his son Androgeos' death in Athens, he demanded that seven youths and seven maidens be sent every nine years as tribute to the Minotaur. Theseus, the Athenian hero, volunteered to end this grim tradition. With the help of Ariadne, Minos' daughter, who fell in love with Theseus, he navigated the labyrinth using a thread provided by Ariadne and defeated the Minotaur.
Interestingly, a fragment of text from the poet Sappho showed that the story of Minos’ human tribute demands from the people of Athens already circulated at the start of the sixth century B.C., despite the Minotaur’s name never being mentioned. Moreover, while there was a focus on Theseus’ accomplishments, the Minotaur was mostly absent from his more popular stories, according to a report by National Geographic.
However, archeologists have not drawn parallels between the newly discovered structure and the home of the legendary Minoan Minotaur.
本文於 2024/06/26 08:35 修改第 1 次
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軟實力展現之絲路探源 – 南華早報
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2024/06/25 20:42 推薦1 |
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貴霜帝國是當時亞歐四大強國之一，與漢、羅馬、安息(古波斯)三個同一時期的帝國並列；為月氏(Yuezhi)族所建。並請至原網頁參看照片。
Chinese archaeological work in Uzbekistan helps 'fill a gap in the history' of ancient Silk Road empire
South China Morning Post, 06/22/24
Chinese and Uzbek archaeologists have completed the first phase of a joint project to excavate the remains of an ancient empire on the Silk Road.
The dig in Surxondaryo, a region in southern Uzbekistan, uncovered a "significant number" of artefacts and dozens of burials from the Kushan Empire, a vital hub on the Silk Road, according to China's state news agency Xinhua.
The archaeologists believe that the discoveries, which also include three houses, revealed that eastern Surxondaryo is "a crucial area for Kushan people distributions".
Little archaeological work has been done in that particular area and the team said the work helped fill out the historical record.
The Chinese team told Xinhua: "The presence of continuous traces of habitation on the eastern side of the Surxondaryo River region during the Kushan Empire ... fills in a gap in the history of this region during that period."
The Kushan Empire, which rose in the 1st century AD, covered most of modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as parts of India and Iran, becoming a crucial hub along the Silk Road.
The empire was also seen as playing a vital role in helping the spread of Buddhism, and some histories believe it was the route through which the religion first arrived in China during the Han dynasty.
The dig is one of a number of projects which China is using to boost cultural ties with Central Asian republics, with the Chinese Institute of Archaeology, the Shaanxi Provincial Research Institute of Archaeology and Northwestern University playing a leading role.
The first joint projects with Uzbekistan began in 2012, with Chinese state media at the time describing it as an effort "to study the civilisational processes of ancient cities and the cultural lineages and routes of the ancient Silk Road".
Chinese President Xi Jinping has repeatedly highlighted the importance of such initiatives, both during a visit to Uzbekistan in 2016 and last year, when he hosted the leaders of five countries at the first China-Central Asia summit.
He told the visitors it was important that we "carry forward our traditional friendship and promote people-to-people exchanges", promising to boost cultural tourism.
The term Silk Road was coined by the 19th century German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen to describe the trade networks through which valuable commodities such as silk, porcelain, jade, gunpowder, livestock and fruit were traded in a vast network linking the main Eurasian empires.
At the heart of the route was Central Asia, a crossroads for merchants travelling between China, Persia, India and the Roman Empire.
Zhu Yongbiao, an international relations professor at Lanzhou University, said China wants to promote joint archaeological projects to strengthen cultural and human-to-human exchanges, which could then help promote the Belt and Road Initiative - a modern-day infrastructure project based on the old Silk Road.
"The promotion of belt and road construction requires people-to-people communication, and archaeological cooperation is one of the crucial fields," Zhu said.
Meanwhile, Uzbekistan and other Central Asian republics are rediscovering their national history after decades-long assimilation and suppression from the Russian-dominated Soviet Union.
He said independence has stimulated "a strong interest in their history and national origins", adding this is "a stage that all countries must go through after independence".
The South China Morning Post (SCMP), the most authoritative voice reporting on China and Asia for more than a century. For more SCMP stories, please explore the SCMP app or visit the SCMP's Facebook and Twitter pages. Copyright © 2024 South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 2024. South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.
本文於 2024/06/25 20:43 修改第 1 次
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馬雅文化之祭祀犧牲幼童 ---- Katie Hunt
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2024/06/13 15:12 推薦1 |
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我們應該慶幸先秦文化沒有向活人祭祀的方向轉進。否則，如果我們老祖宗在四、五歲被嘎掉的話，…。從而，「慎終追遠」想想還真有點道理，不那麼「封建」了。
Who were the victims of Maya sacrifice? Ancient DNA reveals an unexpected finding
Katie Hunt, 06/13/24
The ancient Maya city of Chichén Itzá in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula has long been associated with human sacrifice, with hundreds of bones unearthed from temples, a sacred sinkhole and other underground caverns.
A long-held misconception is that the victims were often young and female — an impression that has stuck in the contemporary imagination and become hard to dislodge even as more recent research has suggested that both men and women were among those sacrificed as well as children. A study published Wednesday in the journal Nature adds unexpected detail to that more complex picture.
The new analysis, based on ancient DNA from the remains of 64 people who archaeologists believe had been ritually sacrificed and then deposited in an underground chamber, found the victims were all young boys, many of whom were closely related.
“There were two big moments of surprise here,” said lead study author Rodrigo Barquera, a researcher in the department of archaeogenetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
“We were thinking, influenced by traditional archaeology that we would find, a non-sex-biased burial or mostly girls,” he said.
“And the second one (was) when we found out that some of them were related and there were two sets of twins.”
Analysis of skeletons can only reveal so much
The lurid notion that the Maya only sacrificed young women or girls is largely a myth that originated from early and romantic accounts of Chichén Itzá’s sacred sinkhole, or cenote, said Rubén Mendoza, an archaeologist and professor in the department of social sciences and global studies at California State University, Monterey Bay. He wasn’t involved in the study but is an editor of a new book on ritual sacrifice in Mesoamerica.
“This characterization of Maya sacrifice was catapulted to the forefront through media depictions of young maidens (aka virgins) being hurled to their deaths at the Sacred Well,” he said via email.
However, the mystery of exactly whom the Maya sacrificed has been hard to untangle because it’s impossible to identify the sex of a child’s skeleton by analyzing bones alone.
While the pelvis and a few other bones can reveal whether the skeleton was an adult male or female, the telltale differences only emerge during puberty and, even among adults, natural variation can make accurate identification difficult.
This difficulty makes genetic analysis particularly valuable, said study coauthor Christina Warinner, John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences and Anthropology at Harvard University and a group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. But the impact of ancient DNA, which has revolutionized archaeology in Europe and higher latitudes, has been more limited in tropical areas because DNA degrades more easily in warm conditions. However, recent advances in ancient DNA technology are expanding its reach, she said.
“We’re getting better and better at retrieving even very small amounts of DNA. And suddenly, we now have the ability to do these large-scale genomic studies and apply ancient DNA as a tool to help us understand the past in Mesoamerica,” Warinner said. “I am so excited about that because this is an area of the world which has this incredibly rich history.”
Boys were younger than 6 when they were sacrificed
The team behind the new study was able to extract and sequence ancient DNA from 64 out of around 100 individuals, whose remains were found scattered in a water chultún — an underground storage chamber discovered in 1967 about 400 meters (437 yards) from the sacred sinkhole in Chichén Itzá.
With radiocarbon dating, the team found that the underground cavern was used for 500 years, although most of the children whose remains the team studied were interred there between AD 800 and 1,000 — during the height of Chichén Itzá’s political power in the region.
All the children were boys, who had been drawn from the local Maya population at that time, according to the DNA analysis, and at least a quarter of them were closely related to at least one other child in the chultún. The group also included two pairs of twins as well as siblings and cousins. Most of the boys were between 3 and 6 years old when they died.
Analysis of variants or isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the bones also suggested that the related children had similar diets. Together, according to the authors, these findings suggested that related male children were likely selected in pairs for ritual sacrifices linked to the chultún.
“It is surprising to me to see family members, given the enormous time breadth of the deposit, which by radiocarbon dates is now confirmed to have been used over a time span of 500 years, during which these bodies slowly accumulated,” said Vera Tiesler, a bioarchaeologist and professor at the Autonomous University of Yucatán, in an email. She wasn’t involved in the research.
While the study authors believe this finding reveals the only known burial of sacrificed male children, Tiesler said that the ancient Maya ritual calendar was complex, likely with different “victim profiles” for different religious occasions throughout the year and time cycles.
How twins were identified
To avoid sampling the same child twice, the team used the same bone from each child — the petrous bone in the base of the skull.
“Since each child only has one of those, you can be sure that we didn’t double sample any individuals,” Warinner said. “And that’s actually what allowed us to identify identical twins.”
Twins hold a special place in the origin stories and spiritual life of the ancient Maya, Warinner added, particularly a story called the “Hero Twins” in which two brothers descend into the underworld to avenge their father’s death.
It’s not clear how or exactly why the children were sacrificed, but sacrificial methods in use at the time included decapitation and removal of the heart.
“I think we have to remember that death, and everything that these rituals imply, were completely different to us, because we have a very different view of the world than the one that they had,” Barquera said. “For them, it was not losing a child, not losing one of their kids, but an opportunity given by whatever forces to be part of this special burial.”
Connections to present-day community
Warinner said the study was the first time that genetic material recovered from ancient Maya remains was detailed enough to be sequenced, providing a richer picture of who the victims were and to whom they were — and are — related.
The team compared the ancient DNA with that of 68 residents of the present-day Maya community of Tixcacaltuyub. The researchers found the two shared a close genetic signature.
“They were super happy to learn that they were related to the people that once inhabited Chichén Itzá,” Barquera said.
The team also showed how the residents’ immune systems had been shaped by the biological consequences of diseases that European colonizers brought. The researchers found the local Indigenous population today has genetic variants that may have protected them against salmonella infection, thought to be the pathogen behind the devastating 1545 cocoliztli epidemic.
María Ermila Moo-Mezeta, a Mayan coauthor of the study and research professor at the Autonomous University of Yucatán, said the new analysis was significant for her, as a professor of Indigenous origin, to preserve the “historical memory of the Mayan people.”
It was fascinating to learn how past suffering had left a stamp on the immune system of present-day Maya communities, Tiesler added.
“This study is decisively new; a starting point for further, more specific inquiries about the convoluted trajectory of the Maya,” she said.
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本文於 2024/06/13 15:15 修改第 2 次
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金字塔工程的秘密-JULIETTE COLLEN
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2024/05/23 01:55 推薦1 |
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埋藏在沙漠與農田下的遠古河道，可以說明建造金字塔巨大石塊的運輸方式。
Great Mystery of How Ancient Egyptians Built The Pyramids Finally Appears Solved
JULIETTE COLLEN, AFP, 05/17/24
(Anton Petrus/Getty Images；請至原網頁觀看照片)
Scientists have discovered a long-buried branch of the Nile river that once flowed alongside more than 30 pyramids in Egypt, potentially solving the mystery of how ancient Egyptians transported the massive stone blocks to build the famous monuments.
The 64-kilometre-long river branch, which ran by the iconic Giza pyramid complex among other wonders, was hidden under desert and farmland for millennia, according to a study revealing the find on Thursday.
The existence of the river would explain why the 31 pyramids were built in a chain along a now inhospitable desert strip in the Nile Valley between 4,700 and 3,700 years ago.
The strip near the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis includes the Great Pyramid of Giza – the only surviving structure of the seven wonders of the ancient world – as well as the Khafre, Cheops and Mykerinos pyramids.
The water course of the ancient Ahramat Branch borders a large number of pyramids dating from the Old Kingdom to the Second Intermediate Period, spanning between the Third Dynasty and the Thirteenth Dynasty. (Eman Ghoneim；請至原網頁觀看地圖)
Archaeologists had long thought that ancient Egyptians must have used a nearby waterway to move the giant materials used to build the pyramids.
"But nobody was certain of the location, the shape, the size or proximity of this mega waterway to the actual pyramids site," lead study author Eman Ghoneim of the University of North Carolina Wilmington in the United States told AFP.
The international team of researchers used radar satellite imagery to map the river branch, which they called Ahramat – "pyramids" in Arabic.
Radar gave them the "unique ability to penetrate the sand surface and produce images of hidden features including buried rivers and ancient structures," Ghoneim said.
Surveys in the field and cores of sediment from the site confirmed the presence of the river, according to the study in the journal Communications Earth & Environment.
The once mighty river was increasingly covered in sand, potentially starting during a major drought around 4,200 years ago, the scientists suggested.
The great pyramid mystery
The Giza pyramids stood on a plateau roughly a kilometre from the banks of the river.
Many of the pyramids had a "ceremonial raised walkway" which ran alongside the river before ending at the Valley Temples which served as harbours, Ghoneim said.
This indicates that the river played "a key role in the transportation of the enormous building materials and workmen needed for the pyramid's construction," she added.
Exactly how ancient Egyptians managed to build such huge and long-standing structures has been one of history's great mysteries.
These heavy materials, most of which were from the south, "would have been much easier to float down the river" than transport over land, study co-author Suzanne Onstine of the University of Memphis in the US state of Tennessee told AFP.
The banks of the rivers could have been where the funeral entourages of pharaohs were received before their bodies were moved to their "final burial place within the pyramid," she suggested.
The river may also indicate why the pyramids were built in different spots.
"The water's course and its volume changed over time, so fourth dynasty kings had to make different choices than 12th dynasty kings," she said.
"The discovery reminded me about the intimate connection between geography, climate, environment and human behaviour."
©Agence France-Presse
本文於 2024/05/23 01:56 修改第 1 次
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Li著《《遺跡裡的中國史》簡介》小評
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2024/04/25 13:54 推薦1 |
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我認為，Li先生/女士的《《遺跡裡的中國史》簡介》中(本欄上一篇貼文)，就《道德經》兩個版本的討論有爭議(請見 'Tao Te Ching, the true and false' 一節)。該文對「道」的詮釋/英文翻譯有：”the ways to life“、“defines the universal law”、以及 ”the real law to life“ 等等，它們應該是該書作者曲先生的「解讀」，該文作者Li先生/女士的英文翻譯。
1) 在我看來，「道」應該詮釋為：「原則」或「宇宙法則」；相當於英文的 "principle" 或 "laws of the nature"。
2) 我不了解： ”the ways to life“ 和 ”the real law to life“ 兩個片語的 ”to life“ ，在中文裏是什麼意思。如果它相當於 ”of life“ ，或它們是Li先生/女士的「鍵誤」(也許他要表達的是： "to live“)；我想它們應該是一個錯誤的「解讀」，或「打字」/「翻譯」的錯誤。
3) 我相信：「常」和「恆」在這個脈絡可以視為「同義字」；或者，在西漢、三國、以及當下，兩者可以視為「同義」、「通用」、或(古時)抄刻時的「筆誤」。從而，這一句話在兩個版本中的差異，並不構成：「『常』道」和「『恆』道」在邏輯上或語意上有本質的不同；也就沒有：「邏輯上」何者更為「一致」或「相容」的問題；請見：Li先生/女士大作中引用曲先生所說： “more logically coherent” 這個評論。
我對《道德經》一書和它的馬王堆版本都沒有研究，上面的觀點根據我對《老子》內容的了解，以及我在語言學上的常識。
本文於 2024/04/25 18:27 修改第 3 次
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《遺跡裡的中國史》簡介 -- Li Yuche
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2024/04/24 18:55 推薦1 |
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請參看本欄上一篇xingfuyxh女士對本書的中文介紹。
Journalist-turned-researcher’s book unveils unknown stories about Chinese history
Unlocking imagination
Li Yuche, 04/09/24
Title：Chinese History in Relics
Author：Qu Changtao
Publisher：New World Press
Year of Publication：2024
(請至原網頁參看此書封面照片)
Although his first historical book Chinese History in Relics was just published in April 2024, writer Qu Changtao is no novice when it comes to ancient Chinese stories. With over 22 years of work experience as a newspaper journalist, Qu has been collecting historical and archaeological stories from all around the country.
Qu has been enchanted by Chinese histories that have simultaneously puzzled him. He told the Global Times that the more he delves into history, the more he realizes that it is still unfolding. Queries about the past motivated him to compile his recently published book, in which he has explored six of the most well-known Chinese archaeological ruins.
Qu Changtao Photo: Courtesy of Qu Changtao (請至原網頁參看作者照片)
'Tao Te Ching, the true and false'
Chinese History in Relics includes six chapters. In chronological order, they unpack the mysteries of the Yinxu Ruins, the Sanxingdui Ruins, the tomb of King Anxi of Wei, the Shuihudi site, the Mawangdui site, and the Haihunhou tomb in Nanchang.
These ruins are scattered across different Chinese provinces including Sichuan, Henan, Hubei, and Jiangxi. They represent differences between Chinese historical periods spanning from the Warring States Period (475 BC-221 BC) to the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 25).
Such sites were not chosen at random, but rather are interconnected through a timeline of 2,000 years of Chinese history. They showcase how the Chinese civilization evolved in certain periods when compared to its more than 5,000-year history.
"The Shang marks when the early civilization was forming gradually, and by examining the Qin and Han dynasties' sites, I found how historical legacies birthed the formation of the country's early cultural and social frameworks," Qu told the Global Times.
"I want readers to see how the Chinese civilization developed with diversities and continuity," the author emphasized.
Employing his journalistic storytelling skills, Qu's narration of history differentiates from the traditional chronological format as well as a stoic retelling of events. He packages his investigations as concise stories, giving them intriguing headlines such as "Tao Te Ching, the truth and the false."
He wrote about classic Chinese philosophical texts by referring to a silk Tao Te Ching manuscript that was discovered at the Han Dynasty Mawangdui site in 1973.
The Tao Te Ching was created by thinker Lao Tzu in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC). The text has been interpreted numerous times, including by philosopher Wang Bi during the Three Kingdoms period (220-280). Wang's work is still the most popular Tao Te Ching interpretation to date, despite scholars debating its accuracy.
After interviewing experts and studying historical materials that he acquired from the local museum, Qu discovered, and was also convinced by a big distinction between the Han and Three Kingdoms period versions, with a more than 420-year gap.
In his book, he accounts for such distinctions, taking Tao Te Ching's first line "Dao Ke Dao, Fei Chang Dao" as an example, which is also present in Wang Bi's interpretation.
In a simple explanation, the opening line means that Dao (the ways to life) defines the universal law that cannot be explained explicitly with words, and conversely, any ways to life that can be explained explicitly are often not the most long-lasting or the real law to life.
The profound saying was documented differently on Han silk, where the line reads "Dao Ke Dao, Fei Heng Dao Ye."
The word "Heng," meaning "eternity" in Chinese, was presented to change the whole idea into describing that any way to life has its law, and there is no single eternal law that can guide one through his or her life until one learns to cope with the changing universe and society.
"I find the Han Dynasty one was more logically coherent and I'm convinced by it," Qu told the Global Times. He also added that stories like those in his books aim to open up readers' imaginations about the profound Chinese literary and philosophical legacies.
An oracle bone at the Yinxu Ruins Photo: VCG (請至原網頁參看龜甲骨照片)
Project continues
Such stories make Qu's book an interesting historical compilation that challenges readers' existing understanding of the sophistication of Chinese history.
In another story, he notes how the Qin people valued agriculture and invented an early ecological protection system by enacting laws such as prohibiting deforestation in spring - unless one has coffin-making requirements - as well as inventing strict criteria to assess agricultural officials.
A well-performing official in charge of stock farming who passed all four annual tests would receive a bottle of fine wine, 10 strips of dried pork, and also received an enviable 30 days of holiday.
Qu's depicted stories are seen as reflections of not only the history of dynasties, but also the history of how ancient humanity grew in China along with the changing times.
"I want readers to experience the vividness of Chinese culture through my writing," Qu said.
Published by New World Press, the book has received positive reviews from readers. "I wonder whether or not the book is this good," the author rather modestly questioned
He told the Global Times that his journey into Chinese history will not end in Chinese History in Relics since he is aiming to investigate around "10 to 20" historical sites and publish his findings in the future.
A bronze standing figure at the Sanxingdui Ruins Photo: VCG (請至原網頁參看三星堆青銅人像照片)
本文於 2024/04/24 18:55 修改第 1 次
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《遺跡裡的中國史》簡介 ----- xingfuyxh
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2024/04/24 15:40 推薦2 |
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感謝作者 xingfuyxh女士。
《遺跡裡的中國史》：帶你走進中國六大遺跡，走進悠久歷史
xingfuyxh 評論 遺跡裡的中國史
xingfuyxh，2024-02-28，已編輯，江蘇
《遺跡裡的中國史》翻開第一頁就有一點驚喜，一頁一頁翻完，就一個感覺，這本書是一個寶藏啊！內容非常豐富，關於歷史的討論非常深入，書中的每一幅圖也都是精心繪製，看完一遍還想再看第二遍。
這本《遺跡裡的中國史》，作者曲長濤，史地學者，作家，前《讀者新報》發現專刊記者，《都市資訊報》文史專欄記者，喜馬拉雅暢銷書獨家簽約主播……頭銜很多。這本書中詳細介紹了中國的六處大型遺跡且通過近三百張照片，生動地呈現了這些遺跡的歷史和現狀。在閱讀這本書的過程中，我深深地被作者對歷史和對遺跡的熱愛所打動，同時也為書中詳實的資料和精美的圖片所吸引。
曲長濤在書中選取的六處大型遺跡，都是中國歷史上具有重要意義的地點，包括殷墟遺址、三星堆遺址、魏安釐王墓、睡虎地秦墓、馬王堆漢墓、海昏侯墓。這些遺跡不僅是中華文明的見證，更是中華兒女內心深處的精神寄託。作者通過細緻的考察和深入的研究，將這些遺跡的歷史背景、文化內涵和藝術價值一一呈現出來，讓讀者在欣賞美景的同時，也能領略到歷史的厚重。
這本書中使用了近三百張照片，這些照片不僅展示了遺跡的美麗和神秘，更通過細膩的光影變化和角度選取，讓讀者感受到了遺跡的歷史氣息和人文精神。這些照片不僅僅是簡單的記錄，更是對遺跡的敬仰和尊重，圖文並茂，也讓讀者對遺跡的認識更加深刻。
此外，曲長濤在書中還融入了自己對歷史的思考和對遺跡的情感。他不僅在書中介紹了遺跡的歷史和文化背景，引用大量的古文來說明這些遺跡，同時將這些遺跡與現實生活聯繫起來，讓讀者更加深入地理解遺跡的歷史意義和現實價值。
總的來說，《遺跡裡的中國史》是一部值得一讀再讀的書籍。如果你對中國歷史和文化感興趣，那麼這本書一定要讀一讀。
本文版權歸作者 xingfuyxh 所有，任何形式轉載請聯繫作者。
本文於 2024/04/24 18:52 修改第 3 次
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中國考古界2023年六大成果 -- 藍孝威
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2024/04/06 18:11 推薦2 |
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「田野考古」一詞應稱為或譯為「現場考古」或「實地考古」。由於城市化的過程，過去很可能只存在於「田野」的遺址，也會在「都市」中發現了。何況，西安、洛陽、北京、南京等地遺址的開挖，可以稱之為「田野考古」嗎？
「田野考古」這個儒林笑話，從學者不認識英文字field，以及不懂得中文「田野」一詞的「用法」，這兩者衍生而來。
2023年中國考古新發現：濛溪河遺址或將改寫歷史
藍孝威，01/31/24
據大陸央視新聞報導，1月30日，中國社會科學院考古研究所發佈2023年田野考古新發現，來自四川、福建、湖北、陝西、新疆、內蒙古的6個考古項目成功入選。這6個項目為何能入選？它們為揭秘不同時期的歷史帶來了哪些實證？2023年田野考古新發現，時間跨度大、地域範圍廣，卻有一個共通之處，到底是什麼？
濛溪河遺址的新發現或將改寫歷史
6個考古項目分別位於四川、福建、湖北、陝西、新疆、內蒙古，而這其中最受關注的應該是四川資陽的濛溪河舊石器時代遺址。「我們是誰、我們從哪裡來」，這個關於早期現代人起源和擴散的問題一直備受關注。而濛溪河遺址是現代人在起源擴散階段，全球唯一發現的有豐富植物遺存的綜合性遺址，全面立體反映5萬至7萬年前人類社會的發展圖景。專家表示，這裡面的發現或將改寫一段歷史。
濛溪河遺址位於四川省資陽市樂至縣，地處沱江支流濛溪河中上游，發現於2021年9月。經光釋光初步系統測年，濛溪河遺址年代距今約5萬至7萬年，在人類起源發展史上，處在現代人起源擴散關鍵階段。考古發掘顯示，遺址最下部約1.7米厚的紅褐色黏土質粉砂層，正是遺址的主要文化層，遺物分布最為豐富。
中國科學院古脊椎動物與古人類研究所研究員高星表示，這處遺址因為是飽水的環境，人類生產生活栩栩如生的一些畫面被保留下來，從石器、動物化石、植物的遺存都有。這些對研究當時氣候環境、人類的行為能力都提供了非常重要的信息。
截至目前，濛溪河遺址已發現石器、木器、骨器、動物化石、植物遺存等超過10萬件。尤其是發現橡子、核桃、葡萄等堅果、水果類食物。專家表示，這一發現或將改寫史前人類的植物利用歷史。
中國社會科學院考古研究所研究員趙志軍表示，最重要的發現就是這批植物遺存。農業社會是從採集狩獵發展而來的，但是以往我們都是討論的狩獵，因為我們沒有植物遺存，我們獲得的只是動物的遺存。濛溪河遺址使得我們終於有能力、有可能去探討採集的行為模式。
此外，濛溪河遺址還集中發現了遠古先民的加工工具，以及生火、切割、刻畫等一系列複雜行為痕跡，全面立體地反映了5萬至7萬年前早期人類社會圖景，為研究人類起源演化等重大學術課題，提供了實物資料。
上海大學文化遺產與信息管理學院講師黃超表示，像有一件骨錐，它上面就是有一系列的連續的5個比較明顯的疤痕，另外還有那件約3毫米的帶有11道幾乎平行的刻畫痕的骨骼碎片，它是怎麼樣形成的？古人類為什麼要這樣去刻畫它？是留待考古學家去解釋去調查的一個謎團。
據瞭解，接下來，考古團隊將在濛溪河遺址開展年代學、環境考古、動物考古、植物考古等多學科研究與文物保護工作。
屈家嶺遺址：規模驚人的「水利社會」
5000年前的中國早期文明遺跡，知名度最高的無疑是長江下游的良渚。但是，考古學家會告訴你，大體同時，在長江中游，有一處文明遺址同樣值得注意，這就是屈家嶺。在屈家嶺遺址，新發現了規模龐大的史前水利系統。專家表示，水壩的發現非常重要，因為這是文明不斷向高級層次發展的關鍵證據。
最新考古發現，屈家嶺遺址存在熊家嶺、鄭畈等多組大型史前水利系統。其中，熊家嶺水利系統位於遺址東北部，由水壩、蓄水區、灌溉區和溢洪道等構成，水壩坐落於一處河道上，土築而成，現存壩體高約2米、寬約13米，南北長約180米。蓄水區面積約19萬平方米，灌溉區面積約8.5萬平方米，並發現史前稻田遺存。測年數據表明，早期壩的年代為距今約5100年，為中國迄今考古發現最早的水利設施之一。
中國社會科學院考古研究所研究員劉建國表示，目前來看，它第一個是年代很早，第二它體量很大，體量很大就表明它能夠儲藏很多的水。這些水在旱季特別是應付那種比較乾旱年份的時候，它可以有力保障灌區的農田裡邊水稻能夠正常成長，能夠獲得豐收，水稻豐收對史前人類、對他們的聚落來講是非常重要的。農業豐收了，可能有些人就不需要都來種水稻，那就有些人自然地他就可能專門去制陶器，或者是做玉器，這樣社會就分工，另外階層也會出現，人類文明就是在這樣的情況下不斷往前發展、往前推進。所以水壩的發現非常重要，是文明不斷向高級層次發展很關鍵的證據。
發掘顯示，熊家嶺水壩可分為早晚兩期，沿用年代較長，壩體硬度和密度較高，存在明顯的拍打夯實等人工堆築痕跡。壩體中還發現原始的「夾筋工藝」，即在土體中摻雜植物根莖，以增強壩體強度和穩定性，同時還發現了草裹泥的建造工藝。
中國社會科學院考古研究所研究員劉建國表示，熊家嶺壩體不全是草裹泥，有的地方不一樣，古人有可能是根據他們的經驗，選擇不同的方式加以堆築牆體，而且牆體在發掘的時候非常堅硬。
專家表示，這些水利系統具備防洪抗旱、生活用水、農業灌溉等功能，標誌著史前先民實現了從適應自然到改造自然的跨越，從被動地防禦水旱災害轉變為主動地控水用水，為探索長江中游史前治水方式和聚落變遷等提供了細節支撐。
近年考古工作還揭示，屈家嶺遺址先後歷經油子嶺文化、屈家嶺文化和石家河文化三個史前文化階段，主體年代為距今5900年至4200年，存續近2000年之久。油子嶺文化中晚期，發展形成範圍約105萬平方米的大型遺址，為長江中游地區同時期面積最大的聚落，並確認水利系統、墓葬區、居住區和陶器生產區等。相關發現為研究長江中游文明進程、探討中華文明起源提供了關鍵樣本。
屈家嶺遺址：「磉墩」遺存填補建築史空白
在屈家嶺遺址，考古人員還新發現了高等級建築基址，並首次發現早期的「磉墩」遺存，為瞭解史前建築技術提供了全新的考古材料。
新發現的史前大型建築基址F38面積約510平方米。平面呈東北至西南向「曲尺」狀，自北向南分為四間，南端向西折出一間。基址範圍內，發現有黃土台基和數量眾多、規模龐大、建造工藝考究的「磉墩」，磉墩是古建築的基礎部分，起承載柱子、柱礎以及牆體的作用。F38的「磉墩」排列有序、數量眾多，刷新了史前建築技術的認識。
屈家嶺遺址考古項目負責人陶洋表示，現存磉墩總計有70餘個，大小不等，位於建築中部兩分間拐角處的磉墩體量巨大，最大的長約3.3米，寬約1.7米，深約1.5米。整個磉墩的營建流程是首先會挖走預設磉墩區域的原有軟基層，然後會在高低不平的起建面上堆築純淨的黃土台基，錨定磉墩布設點位之後，會在台基上挖深坑，再燒烤坑壁形成硬結面，後用紅燒土混合黏土及少量焚燒過的豬骨填滿深坑形成磉墩，是迄今發現磉墩的最早形態，為中國古代木構建築技術奠定了史前基礎，填補了中國建築史的空白。
專家表示，築造這些磉墩，是屈家嶺先民為適應複雜地形、營造大體量建築而進行的創新。依據建築形制及特徵，專家判斷，該區域為「屈家嶺文化」時期的高等級建築區。這一時期，遺址聚落規模擴展至284萬平方米。環壕圍合面積（含環壕）約90萬平方米。屈家嶺遺址為典型的「壕堰式」聚落，是長江中游地區史前中心聚落形態的代表。
中國社會科學院考古研究所研究員劉建國表示，在5000年前，在江漢平原，這些史前先民智慧應該是達到一個非常高的程度了，他們能夠很好地去認識瞭解所處的自然環境，然後選擇適合他們生存的居住地和種植區域，再加以改造，這樣他們才能夠在這地方定居下來，旱澇保收，文明不斷發展。
除了高等級建築區，屈家嶺時期，遺址也發現大型水利系統、墓葬和銅礦石等遺存，探索到史前稻田的分布範圍，出土已知最早的高溫黑釉陶等。專家表示，大型中心聚落、高等級建築和水利工程設施的集中出現，年代明確、結構清晰、工藝高超，充分揭示了長江中游地區史前文明發展的高度。
草原第一都 -- 遼上京遺址
位於內蒙古赤峰市巴林左旗的遼上京遺址，也入圍了這次考古新發現。都城，在人類文明發展進程中具有十分重要的作用。公元918年，耶律阿保機建立了中國遊牧民族在北方草原地區建立的第一座都城——遼上京城，拉開了歷時200餘年的遼代歷史大幕。
遼上京遺址位於內蒙古赤峰市巴林左旗林東城區南郊。城址平面略呈「日」字形，由北部的皇城和位於南部的漢城兩部分組成，總面積約5平方公里。北部皇城內建有宮城，形成「回」字形。從2011年起通過考古調查、鑽探和發掘，首次確認了遼上京宮城的位置和規模。宮城位於皇城中部偏東，平面呈近方形，東、南、西各辟有一門。通過對宮城四面牆體的局部試掘和解剖，初步掌握了宮城城牆的營建做法、形制結構及其年代。
中國社會科學院考古研究所漢唐考古研究室主任研究員董新林表示，我們有很多重要的收穫。第一點就體現在我們對遼上京皇城的整體佈局有了一個比較大的推進；第二點，通過這兩年考古工作的發現，我們再一次印證了遼代建築和手工業高水平的程度。
遼上京的城市規劃主體承繼了中原的「擇中而立」、皇城宮城環套、明確中軸線的規劃思想，顯然是承繼了漢唐文化的傳統。自公元918年開始營建，在長達200多年時間裡，遼上京是北方草原上的政治、經濟、文化中心。
中國社會科學院考古研究所漢唐考古研究室主任研究員董新林表示，通過這個考古發現的實例，印證了遼朝在統一多民族國家形成過程中所作出的重要貢獻。
在過去的一千多年，遼上京被淹沒在歷史的長河之中。隨著考古發掘工作的推進，深埋塵土中的文物如今正一點點地被剝去神秘面紗，讓世人看到它的真容。截至目前，遼上京遺址共出土泥塑佛教造像、契丹文碑片等珍貴文物兩萬餘件。
內蒙古巴林左旗文化旅遊體育局副局長遲秀國表示，這六尊泥塑像是在遼上京西山坡佛寺遺址出土的，面部表情栩栩如生，身上塗有彩繪，出土時大部分都是殘片，在實驗室經過兩年多才修復，是目前所知全國唯一的一批考古發掘出土的遼金時期泥塑像，這對於整個的佛教考古研究具有很重要的學術意義。
6個項目何以入選2023年田野考古新發現？
此外，入選2023年田野考古新發現的，還有福建平潭縣殼丘頭新石器時代遺址群，全面揭露了中國東南沿海地區7000年以來的史前聚落形態及其變化發展規律，讓南島語族早期人群的特徵逐漸清晰；陝西清澗縣寨溝商代遺址，揭示出商代晚期陝北地區高度發達的青銅文明；新疆吐魯番市西旁唐宋時期景教寺院遺址，為研究絲綢之路與中外文化交流等等提供了豐富資料。2023年的重要考古發現非常多，這6個項目為何能在上千個考古項目中脫穎而出？
中國考古學會理事長、中國社會科學院考古研究所所長陳星燦表示，2023年重要的考古發現非常多，2023年國家文物局頒發的主動性考古項目有256項，配合基本建設的考古項目大概是1367項，兩個加起來超過了1600項。其實是非常難選的。我們只有一個目標就是學術，它的學術的重要意義，所以我們是根據它的重要性來判斷的。比如濛溪河的遺址，為啥說它是具有世界意義的重要發現？我們過去發現舊石器，大概只有兩種東西可以留下來，一種是石器，一種是已經變成化石的這樣一些骨骼的遺存，也都是非常破碎。這一次第一次這麼完整地發現這麼大量的保存完好的動物遺存，保存完好的植物遺存，舊石器時代考古到現在一二百年，在中國也有100多年的歷史了，那麼其實像這樣的發現也可以說絕無僅有，只此一例，在中國、在世界上也非常罕見，比如說南島語族，這個也是一個起源地，而它的意義也絕非僅僅限於地區，它是有世界意義的。比如說商代的陝西清澗寨溝遺址，寨溝遺址的發現也非常非常重要，它讓我們認識到商代晚期的時候，黃河兩岸的這些方國它們的存在，它們和中原王朝的關係，甚至也包括和北方草原地區的關係，比如說新疆的吐魯番的景教寺院遺址，也就從多元多民族國家的形成、從東西文化的交流等等方面都具有非常重要的意義。
時空跨度大 6項新發現有何共通之處？
2023年田野考古新發現的6個入選項目，時間跨度大、地域範圍廣，看似關聯不大，但專家表示，這些新發現對中華文明的起源與發展、統一多民族國家的形成，提供了重要的材料佐證。
中國考古學會理事長、中國社會科學院考古研究所所長陳星燦表示，我們選出了6項的入選項目，年代涵蓋了從舊石器時代晚期，5萬到7萬年，一直到明清時期，涵蓋的面非常廣，那麼地域也是這樣，從東南沿海福建，一直到西北地區的喀什、新疆的吐魯番地區，年代和空間都是很大的一個範圍，對我們認識人類的起源與擴散，尤其是現代人的起源和擴散，農業的起源和發展，文明的起源與發展，統一多民族國家的形成，都會有非常重要的價值，提供了非常重要的材料，在這方面都有非常重要的進展。
本文於 2024/04/14 00:34 修改第 2 次
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世外桃源之古印度文明 -- Neel Burton
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2024/03/20 12:31 推薦1 |
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索引：
egalitarian society：平等社會
Harappa：哈拉帕，位於巴基斯坦彭加卜省的拉維河流域，屬於印度河流域文明的一座防禦性城市遺址
Minoan Linear A：米羅線形文字 A體，至今未被破解
Mohenjo-daro：死亡之丘，地名
necropolis：大型，精緻的墳場
Punjab：彭加卜區
Schliemann：業餘考古學家
Stein：考古學家
terracotta：赤陶土，赤褐色、土紅色，赤褐色的，土紅色的粗陶、陶瓦、以粘土為原料的陶器
tributary：支流
The Indus Valley Civilization: An Ancient Utopia?
In the Bronze Age, Harappans had nothing to kill or die for and no religion.
Neel Burton, Reviewed by Tyler Woods, 03/16/24
KEY POINTS
* India’s first civilization was astonishingly advanced.
* But more interesting is what they did not have: no king, army, or religion.
* The Indus Valley Civilization undermines the Enlightenment idea of historical progress as global and linear.
In the mid-1850s, a few years after the British annexation of the Punjab, some railway builders stumbled upon an ancient mound of terracotta bricks at Harappa in the valley of the Ravi. Despite reports of their antiquity, they carted off the bricks for track ballast to support nearly 100 miles of railway between Multan and Lahore.
In 1920, John Marshall, the director of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), ordered a full excavation of the site. Around that time, he heard of another site some 400 miles to the south, which locals called Mohenjo-daro ("The Mound of the Dead") after the human and animal bones that lay strewn among the artifacts. Initial digs at Mohenjo-daro uncovered striking similarities between the two sites, and it became apparent that they belonged to an ancient civilization that pushed back the history of India by several thousand years.
In an article for the 24 September 1924 issue of the Illustrated London News, Marshall wrote:
Not often has it been given to archaeologists, as it was given to Schliemann at Tiryns and Mycenæ, or to Stein in the deserts of Turkestan, to light upon the remains of a long forgotten civilisation. It looks, however, at this moment, as if we were on the threshold of such a discovery in the plains of the Indus.
Around 1,000 sites have since been reported, including five major urban centres (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and three more). The territory, which straddled the modern India-Pakistan border, stretched some 900 miles along the banks of the Indus and its tributaries, covering an area larger than that of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia combined. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), or Harappan Civilization, as it came to be called, also had extensive terrestrial and maritime trade connections with, among others, Central Asia, Mesopotamia, and the Arabian Peninsula.
An advanced early civilization
Indus Valley Civilization, major sites. Source: Wikimedia Commons/Public domain (請至原網頁查看地圖)
Early centers were populated from Neolithic settlements such as Mehrgahr in Balochistan. Like the valley of the Nile and the basin of the Tigris-Euphrates, the Indus Valley is a semi-arid floodplain with fertile, irrigated land that did not need much clearing. The advent of settled agriculture in such a place led to a food surplus that supported population growth and urban development.
At their height, Harappa and Mohenjo-daro may each have had 30,000 to 60,000 inhabitants. Although these cities are some 400 miles apart, their construction is remarkably uniform and stable, changing little over the course of a thousand years. The IVC peaked from around 2700 BCE to 1700 BCE and represents the flowering of the Indian Bronze Age.
For context: in Egypt, the first pyramid, the Step Pyramid of Djoser in the Saqqara necropolis, dates from c. 2650 BCE; in Europe, the first Cretan palaces, at Knossos, Mallia, and Phaestos, date from a little after c. 2000 BCE.
Rather than growing organically, Harappan settlements were laid on a similar grid pattern, with large communal buildings and the world’s earliest sanitation system—a degree of urban planning not to be seen again in the subcontinent until the 18th century, when Sawai Raja Jai Singh laid out plans for the "pink city" of Jaipur. Brick houses, some multi-storey, opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes. Each house had access to covered drains along the main roads, suggesting a fairly egalitarian society. The Harappans also had granaries, dockyards, reservoirs, irrigation canals, and public baths.
With a few things missing
The Dancing Girl. Mohenjo-daro, c. 2000 BCE. Source: Joe Ravi/ Wikicommons/ public domain (請至原網頁查看人像)
But what is more interesting is what they did not have.
First, they did not have palaces or monuments to monarchs. Indeed, this is one reason we know relatively little about the IVC: unlike in Egypt, there are no rich burials like Tutankhamun. The other reason is that the Indus script, like Minoan Linear A, remains undeciphered. After the demise of the IVC, writing would not reappear on the Indian subcontinent for another thousand years.
The Harappans did have citadels but no standing army. The primary purpose of the citadels was to divert or withstand flood waters. Although the standardization of bricks, road widths, and weights and measures over such an extensive area speaks of a strong central government and efficient bureaucracy, the lack of a monarch and standing army argues against the idea of a conquering empire.
Finally, they did not have temples, and so, it is inferred, no organized religion.
Could this utopia have been the first secular, egalitarian state or confederation?
Perhaps the most iconic Harappan artifact is a four-inch bronze statuette, Dancing Girl, depicting a confident teenager caught in a moment with her right hand on her hip and her left hand on the knee. With her chin raised and wearing nothing but bangles and a necklace, she looks much more like a Henri Matisse than anything prehistoric—if only better.
Neel Burton is author of Indian Mythology and Philosophy.
本文於 2024/03/20 12:32 修改第 1 次
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賈湖文化 -- 《百科知識》
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2024/01/07 19:56 推薦2 |
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賈湖文化
賈湖：河南省漯河市舞陽縣
(以下藍色字體表示插圖；請至原網頁查看。)
賈湖文化是以舞陽賈湖遺址為代表的中國新石器時代早期的重要文化類型，屬於裴李崗文化的一個分支，也是裴李崗文化的主要源頭，年代範圍為BC7000—BC5800年，主要分布在淮河上游的支流沙河和洪河流域，最北可達潁河、汝河流域。
基本信息
* 中文名：賈湖文化
* 典型遺址：賈湖遺址
* 文化類型：新石器時代早期文化
* 距今年代：9000年-7800年
年代分期
賈湖文化
賈湖遺址最重要的發現除世界上最早的釀酒坊外，還有世界上年代最早、保存最完整的樂器 -- 骨笛，改寫了世界音樂史，推翻了“中國笛子西來說”和“七聲音階外來說”。賈湖遺址是淮河流域迄今所知年代最早的新石器文化遺存，提供了連線黃河中游至淮河中下游之間新石器文化關係的一個連線點。
賈湖遺址因地處賈湖村而得名的一處遺址。呈近圓形，總面積5.5萬平方米。文化層厚1~1.5米。經七次發掘，發現大批遺蹟、遺物。出土文物及標本數千件，主要有陶器、石器、骨器、動物骨骼及植物顆粒和果核。
經碳14測定，賈湖遺址年代範圍為BC7000—BC5800年。考古工作者將發掘資料分為三期，其中的第一期文化最早，是裴李崗文化的重要源頭，第二、三期與裴李崗、峨溝等大體同進，第一期年代約為BC7000—BC6600年，第二期為BC6600—BC6200年，第三期為BC6200—BC5800年，文化內涵既與裴李崗文化有不少共同因素，也存在許多差異和獨有特徵，呈現出淮河上游地區的獨特面貌。因之，發掘者將其命名為“賈湖文化”。
地理範圍
賈湖文化主要分布在淮河上游的支流沙河和洪河流域，最北可達潁河汝河流域，主要遺址有漯河翟莊、舞陽賈湖、長葛石固、郟縣水泉、汝縣中山寨、鞏義瓦窯嘴等。
文化特徵
賈湖文化
賈湖文化與裴李崗文化類似，以石斧、石鏟、石磨盤、鼎形器、素麵蓖點紋、壓印點紋陶器為主要特徵，但其典型遺址面積較大、文化層堆積較厚、包含文物較豐富，文化面貌複雜，特別是七聲音階骨笛、9000年釀酒技術、成組隨葬內裝石子的龜甲及其契刻符號、動物馴化家養、具有原始形態的栽培梗稻尤為引人注意，在學術界引起廣泛反響。
主要遺址
賈湖文化主要遺址有漯河翟莊、舞陽賈湖、長葛石固、郟縣水泉、汝縣中山寨、鞏義瓦窯嘴等，並以賈湖遺址為主要代表。賈湖遺址並稱為20世紀中國100項考古大發現之一，具體年代BC7000—BC5800年。發掘出的窯穴370座，陶窯13座，陶器有陶鼎、陶罐、陶壺、陶碗、陶杯、陶豆、陶觚。其中還有盛酒陶器，舞陽賈湖紅陶、舞陽大崗彩陶、舞陽阿崗寺亮黑蛋殼陶、舞陽善德灰陶等，被科學界統稱“賈湖陶瓷”。這裡出土的8000年前的骨笛是世界上迄今發現最早、保存最完整的樂器；此處發現的龜甲上的契刻符號可能是中國最早的文字；龜靈崇拜則是原始的宗教信仰；稻作遺存、狩獵、捕撈和聚落布局反映了當時人類社會生活的情況。8000年前，生活在中國淮河流域的賈湖人創造出的文化，其音樂文化、稻種文化和宗教文化已相當發達，表明淮河流域是中華民族搖籃的重要組成部分。
重要文物
舞陽賈湖骨笛
賈湖文化
賈湖骨笛於1986-1987年在河南省舞陽縣北舞渡鎮賈湖村賈湖遺址出土。骨笛系用鶴的尺骨製成，多為7孔，取其中保存完整者，用豎吹方法測試，可奏出六聲音階的樂音。其中有一根鶴笛，八個音階，仍然可以吹奏，和現代樂器相比，那根可以吹奏的骨笛上的孔的位置非常精確，八度音和現代樂器的音的頻率非常接近。此遺址骨笛是世界上發現年代最早、至今尚可演奏的樂器，反映了我國史前音樂文明的高度發達。這是我國音樂考古中繼湖北曾侯乙墓編鐘、編磬之後，又一重大的考古發現。
賈湖遺址中共出土的骨笛達30多支，除去半成品和殘破者外，有17支出土時比較完整。但因長時間在地下疊壓，有些骨笛取出來時已經成粉末狀。真正比較完整的骨笛有6支，一支5孔，一支6孔，三支7孔，一支8孔。其中的三支7孔骨笛分別珍藏於北京故宮博物院、河南博物院和河南省文物研究所。圖為河南省文物考古研究所藏的賈湖骨笛，左長22.2cm，右長23.6cm。
契刻龜甲
賈湖遺址共發現契刻符號十七例，分別刻在甲、骨、石、陶器上，其中龜甲上刻符9例，骨器上刻符5例，陶器上刻符3例，其特點均是契刻而成。
專家研究，刻符結構為“橫”、“點”、“豎”、“撇”、“捺”、“豎勾”、“橫折”等筆畫，書寫特點也是先橫後豎，先左後右，先上後下，先裏後外，與漢字基本結構相一致。有些契刻符號的形狀與其4000年後的商代甲骨文有許多相似之處，如形似眼目的“目”，光芒四射的太陽紋等。
專家研究認為，8000年前賈湖契刻與比它晚四、五千年的殷墟甲骨文有著驚人的相似，一是書寫工具相同，皆以利器為工具把符號刻在龜甲、骨器上；二是作用相同，商代甲骨文是用來記載占卜內容的，而賈湖契刻也與占卜相關；三是造字原理相同，賈湖契刻是事理符號，而甲骨文的事理文字很多。
一些學者提出，文字在中國的形成已經歷了一個緩慢而長期的發展過程，其源頭甚至可追溯到八千年前。他們研究認為，河南省的新石器時代墓穴中發現的龜殼上的契刻痕跡是最終演變成漢字型系已知的最早前身。香港中文大學饒宗頤曾對賈湖契刻進行了深入探討考證，提出“賈湖刻符對漢字來源的關健性問題提供了嶄新的資料”。北京大學歷史系古文字學家葛英會也認為“這些符號應該是一種文字”。有的學者認為“賈湖契刻的發現，為商代甲骨文的歷史源頭探索提供了可靠的證據”。
碳化稻米
碳化稻米
1990年春，在對發掘資料進行室內整理時，在一塊紅燒土塊上發現了幾枚稻殼印痕。北京科學院植物研究所孔昭宸研究員鑑定，確認為人工栽培稻。
1994年6月，經對一些標本進行浮選，首次發現了一些碳化稻米(籽實)，引起學術界廣泛關注。
1994年6~7月，北京大學、中國農業大學對上述發現先後召開成果鑑定會和學術討論會，與會的考古、農業史、古生物學家對這一發現給予了充分肯定和高度重視。同年，張居中、中國農業大學教授王象坤、孔昭宸又對6個遺蹟內的標本進行浮選，又發現大量碳化稻米和菱角碳化果實。
2001年的發掘，對多個遺蹟單位的填土進行浮選，又發現了大量的碳化稻米及植物果核。
中國科技大學博導、賈湖遺址主要發掘者張居中教授與美國賓夕法尼亞大學著名教授、博士派屈克·麥克戈溫合作，通過對出土陶器上的附著物進行研究證明：9000年前賈湖人已經掌握了酒的釀造方法，所用原料包括大米、蜂蜜、葡萄和山楂等，2005年7月19日，美國德拉瓦州一家名為“角鯊頭”的釀酒廠複製出賈湖古酒，深受歡迎，所以命名為“賈湖城”品牌，並全面推向市場。
文化意義
賈湖文化的發現與發掘具有很高的歷史與科學價值，正如我國著名考古學家俞偉超先生在《舞陽賈湖》一書的序言中所說：“賈湖遺址的發掘，可稱是80年代以來我國新石器考古中最重要的工作。”其價值主要表現在以下幾個方面：
1、賈湖遺址有其獨特而豐富的文化內涵和複雜的地層關係，這對裴李崗文化的類型與分期研究的深入進行具有重大意義。
2、這裡發現的大批房基、墓葬、窯穴、陶窯以及大量的生產工具對研究當時的聚落形態、生產力發展水平都有重大意義。
3、這裡發現的大批保存較好的人體骨架及動物骨骼，對研究當時的人種、人類體質、家畜起源、生態環境都具有重要意義。
4、墓葬中隨葬成組內裝石子的龜甲及共存的骨笛及杈形骨器等原始宗教用具為研究當時的埋葬習俗、龜靈崇拜、信仰等宗教意識提供了新的重要資料。
5、這裡出土的我國迄今發現年代最早的樂器—骨笛，經研究已具備了四聲、五聲、六聲、七聲音階，在我國乃至世界音樂史上都有重要的歷史地位。
6、賈湖遺址出土的刻在龜甲、骨器、石器、陶器上的契刻符號表明，在距今8000—9000年的賈湖文化已出現了原始文字性質的符號，對研究我國文字的起源提供了重要資料。
7、經中國科技大學和美國賓夕法尼亞大學對賈湖出土的陶器進行研究分析，九千年前的賈湖人已掌握原始的釀酒技術，這對研究世界酒文化史具有重大意義。
(以下另有「相關詞條」，略去。)
本文於 2024/01/07 20:01 修改第 1 次
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