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The absurdity of emergence
Emergence is abused in science and philosophy
Derek Cabrera, 07/26/23
編者的話
Science and philosophy are beset by many mysteries. But in recent years, thinkers like Daniel Dennett, have resorted to the idea of ‘emergence properties’ as a sufficient explanation for many puzzling phenomena: Properties that emerge as a result of interacting components within a system, but properties that do not belong to any individual within that system. Hence, consciousness can arise from unconscious matter, and free will can arise from particles that have no will or agency. Cognitive scientist Derek Cabrera explains how the concept of emergence gets abused and can open the back door to lazy mysticism.
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Emergence, the enigma (迷) that captures the essence of system behaviour, often leaves us marvelling over its surprising outcomes. Emergence takes place when the dynamic interactions among the parts of a system give rise to properties or outcomes that would be absent if the parts acted in isolation. The idea of emergence is often summarized in the misleading trope (比喻) that, “the whole is greater than its parts.” But let's set the record straight and debunk this popular myth: the whole is always equal, never greater, than its parts.
Don't be fooled by this trick of perception, for in reality, the whole is always precisely equal to its parts (a.k.a., the Whole = parts principle or W = p). Yes, you heard it right! The allure of emergence lies in its ability to reveal qualities at the level of the whole that may not be immediately obvious when examining the individual parts. But, those emergent properties result from the simple rules governing the interactions between the parts.
Let's take foraging ant colonies as an example. No single ant possesses intelligence, but collectively, their adherence to one simple rule – "no crossing a pheromone trail" – gives rise to intelligent behavior at the colony level. How do several thousand dumb things get together and suddenly produce intelligent behaviour?
Here's where the mystery reveals itself: the whole is dynamically interconnected and multiplicative, rather than simply additive. Still, it remains firmly grounded in the fundamental principle that the whole equals the parts that it is made up of, which includes its relationships. Because the relationships are part of the whole they are parts of the whole.
Embracing systems thinking means acknowledging the profound truth that relationships are indeed material things, and therefore parts of the whole in their own right that are as tangible as its other structural components. By recognizing this, we shatter the illusion that the whole could ever be less than its parts. No more mysticism, no more arbitrary distinctions!
Beware, too, the pitfalls of conflation (混為一談) – emergence is a valid scientific concept, but it has often been used as a backdoor that allows mysticism to creep in (偷溜進來). Emergence has nothing to do with the whole being more than its parts. Instead, it calls our attention to behavioural outcomes that reveal themselves at the level of the whole rather than at the level of the parts, but this is not the same as the creation of an inequality of wholes and parts. Don't fall prey to the lure of mystical interpretations, fanciful explanations, or hand-waving. Instead, see emergence for what it truly is – the system's behaviour emerging from the interactions of its constituent elements.
Now, dive into the deep waters of quantum realms and microcosms, where the whole is as complex and intricate as its smallest parts. There's no room for the fallacy that the whole could ever be less than its parts. When faced with perplexing results or puzzling behaviour, remember this: the whole always equals its parts, every bit as much as one side of an equation always equals the other side.
If your conclusion points elsewhere, keep looking, because you're missing something (usually relationships). Think of the W = p principle much like the guidance provided by the conservation of energy law. You may recall Richard Feynman's parable of the conservation of energy, where a child and a set of 28 indestructible wooden blocks, where no matter what the child does with them, the mother always finds 28 blocks at the end of the day.
The W = p principle reminds us that if we seem to miss a connection in a system, it's akin to the missing block – it's there, waiting to be discovered, and we must search for it with curiosity and diligence. In practice, we often take the cognitively lazy path and simply decide that because we missed a part of the whole, the whole must simply be greater.
So, let us embrace the brilliance of W = p and break free from the shackles of misperception. Emergence is a fascinating journey, but it doesn't call for mystical explanations or divine intervention. It beckons us to understand the simple interaction rules –the relationships–that orchestrate the dance of complexity. And, when we cannot yet “figure it out” it emboldens us to have the courage to say, “we don’t know” – one of the most courageous acts a scientist can take. The W = p principle provides us with the mental fitness to accept that “we don't know” for an answer.
Stand firm in the truth that the whole is never more than its parts. Be the seeker of understanding and dispel the allure of mysticism. Let us celebrate emergence as a genuine scientific phenomenon, grounded in the beauty of interactions and the interconnectedness of things – because in this wondrous universe of systems, the whole is forever equal to its parts.
Derek Cabrera (PhD, Cornell) is an internationally known systems scientist recently inducted as a Member of the International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences (IASCYS) for outstanding contributions to the field.
延伸閱讀：
The communication crisis
Consciousness in the machine With Donald Hoffman, Bernardo Kastrup, Susan Schneider, Curt Jaimungal
Anil Seth: The hallucination of consciousness By Anil Seth
Evidence the universe might not be expanding
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