艾楊得歐先生這篇文章列舉了他認為的歷史上10個大烏龍。

我認為這些事件「改變」的不是「歷史(軌跡)」而是「歷史節奏」。如我在拙作《淺談瞿秋白《多餘的話》》中所說：

「對個人來說，他/她的際遇可能是偶然的，巧合的，甚至不一定會碰上的。但歷史事件則無所謂『誤會』或『偶然』可言。推翻秦朝的第一個起義者不一定是陳勝和吳廣；發生的地點也不一定在大澤鄉。但秦朝遲早會被『推翻』這個『歷史事件』是必然發生的。」

我們讀「歷史」要分別：影響「人類活動」後面的各種物質因素和它們之間相互作用的動態關係；以及促成任何獨立事件發生的「導火線」。例如，元素結構才是化學作用產生的根本原因；「催化劑(觸媒)」只能加速化學作用發生的過程。

該文作者最後提到這些軼事奇聞的教訓則值得我們牢記於心：

1)  周詳的規劃；
2)  考量全局和注意細節；
3)  清楚明白的溝通方式。


Top 10 World’s Infamous Blunders That Changed History

 Babs Ayandayo, 07/11/23 

The direction of nations, the fate of empires, and the development of human civilisation have all been impacted by specific blunders throughout history. In this article, we will discuss the top 10 world infamous blunders that changed history forever.

These infamous blunders, which ranged from strategic errors to bad choices, have come to serve as cautionary tales, warning us of the serious consequences that can result from even the tiniest error.

In this fascinating investigation, we dig into the annals of antiquity to find the top 10 global gaffes that forever altered history. Be ready to be astounded as we explore the areas of politics, military, exploration, and more, uncovering the catastrophic mistakes that forever changed our planet.

Below are a few of the most infamous blunders that have changed history. These blunders have had a profound impact on the course of events, and they continue to be studied and debated today.

Here are the infamous blunders that changed history:

1. The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854)

The Charge of the Light Brigade was a cavalry charge that took place during the Battle of Balaclava on October 25, 1854, in the Crimean War. The well-positioned and fiercely guarded Russian artillery battery was to be charged by the 673-man British Light Brigade.

Lord Raglan, the British commander-in-chief, issued the order after misinterpreting a communication from Lord Lucan, the commander of the Light Brigade.

The charge failed miserably. Over 600 troops were killed or wounded as a result of the Russian fire decimating the Light Brigade. Only those who were able to stop the charge and flee were able to escape. The Charge of the Light Brigade is frequently used as a case study for military inefficiency and bad judgement.

There are numerous hypotheses as to why the order was issued. Some think Lord Raglan merely misinterpreted Lord Lucan’s message. Some contend that Raglan was attempting to divert Russian attention from the British infantry’s assault on the Russian fortifications at Causeway Heights.

2. Captain Edward Smith crashing the Titanic

Captain Edward Smith’s decision to speed up the Titanic in the North Atlantic on the night of April 14, 1912, is often cited as one of the infamous blunders that changed history.

Although Smith had been informed that there was ice nearby, he decided to disregard the information and keep the ship running at full speed. This choice is thought to have made it more difficult for the Titanic to avoid the iceberg that finally caused its sinking.

There are numerous explanations for why Smith would have chosen this choice. He might have felt pressure from the White Star Line, who owned the Titanic, to complete the voyage as swiftly as possible.

Smith made a number of additional choices that led to the catastrophe in addition to speeding up the Titanic. In addition to not ordering the ship to turn around and head back to port after the incident, he also did not order the lifeboats to be fully stocked.

3. A Wrong Turn Started WWI

One of the infamous blunders that changed history his the wrong turn that started WWI and also the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife Sophie Chotek by a young Bosnian Serb nationalist in Sarajevo.

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, set off a series of events that resulted in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, followed by Germany declaring war on Russia and France.

It is true that a wrong turn made by the driver of Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s car may have contributed to the outbreak of World War I. The attempted assassination had been planned for several weeks, and the assassins had picked their path with precision. The car’s driver, nevertheless, made a mistake and missed the assassination location. The assassins had little choice but to improvise; as the automobile was stuck in traffic, they finally shot Franz Ferdinand and Sophie.

4. Hitler’s Invasion of Russia

Another infamous blunder that changed history was Hitler’s invasion of Russia. The invasion of Russia was a major turning point in World War II. It was the first time that Germany had faced a determined and well-equipped enemy, and it led to the start of a long and bloody war of attrition.

The invasion also had a profound impact on the course of the war, as it forced Germany to divert resources away from the Western Front and ultimately led to its defeat.

Hitler still saw Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union as his foes despite forging a non-aggression pact with them. The Germans invaded Russia in June 1941.

Despite sending in the greatest invading force in history, the Germans suffered over 500,000 losses because they were unprepared for the Soviets’ scorched-earth strategy or the cold Russian winter. The offensive possibly cost Hitler the war by dividing and weakening the German forces and winning over Russia to the Allies.

5. A Rushed Public Announcement Brought the Berlin Wall Down

East German border guards unlocked the gates at the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, allowing East Germans to freely enter West Berlin. Günter Schabowski, a member of the East German Politburo, made the statement during a press conference. A list of the new travel laws had been supplied to Schabowski, but he didn’t fully comprehend them.

He declared that East Germans would henceforth be permitted to visit West Berlin without restriction, although he did not state when the new rules would go into force.

The announcement caused a sensation, and thousands of East Germans began to converge on the Berlin Wall. The border guards were initially reluctant to let them through, but they eventually gave in to the pressure. The fall of the Berlin Wall was a watershed moment in history, and it helped to end the Cold War.

6. The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces launched a surprise attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. The attack killed over 2,400 people and destroyed or damaged most of the US Pacific Fleet. The attack brought the United States into World War II.

The United States was a neutral country at the time; the attack led to its formal entry into World War II on the side of the Allies the next day. Furthermore, the attack on Pearl Harbor was a major blunder by the Japanese. They had hoped to cripple the U.S. Pacific Fleet and prevent the United States from entering the war.

It had the opposite effect. It galvanized American public opinion and led to the United States entering the war with a vengeance. The Japanese also underestimated the American will to fight.

The United States eventually defeated Japan, but the war was long and costly. The attack on Pearl Harbor is a reminder of the importance of vigilance and the dangers of underestimating an enemy. To this day, the attack is considered to be one of the most infamous blunders in history.

7. The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks (2001)

The attacks started when al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four airplanes: two were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

The attacks had a significant effect on both the world and the United States. They sparked the start of the more than 20-year-old, American-led War on Terror. The assaults also prompted more stringent security measures in the US and other countries.

The 9/11 attacks were a significant turning point in American history. They demonstrated that the US was not immune to terrorism and forced a review of US foreign policy. The attacks also had a significant psychological effect on Americans, strengthening their sense of patriotism and fostering a sense of oneness among all Americans.

8. Austrian Army Attacking itself

The Austrian army attacked itself during the Battle of Karansebes in 1788. The battle was a major blunder that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Austrian soldiers

During the Austro-Turkish War of 1787–1791, on September 21–22, 1788, the Battle of Karansebes took place. A group of Hussars, a type of light cavalry, got intoxicated and started fighting with some local Romanis as the Austrian army was camped outside the town of Karansebes (now Caransebeș, Romania).

The rapid escalation of the conflict led to the involvement of the entire Austrian army. In the confusion, the Austrians started firing on each other, believing that they were under attack by the Turks. The fighting lasted for several hours, and by the time it was over, thousands of Austrian soldiers were dead.

The Ottomans, who were actually camped nearby, took advantage of the chaos and attacked the Austrians, who were already demoralized and disorganized. The Austrians were defeated, and the Battle of Karansebes is considered to be one of the most infamous blunders in military history.

9. Someone Forgot to Lock a Gate in Constantinople

The Kerkoporta gate was a small postern gate in the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. It was located on the land walls, near the Golden Horn. The gate was not heavily fortified, and it was often left unlocked, as it was used by local residents to access the city.

The Ottoman army surrounded Constantinople on May 29, 1453. Ottoman forces pounded the city from every angle, but they were unable to get past the Theodosian Walls.