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這篇科學報導可以當笑話看。
1) 「4千萬」年這個數字肯定是胡謅的。
2) 除了人以外，靈長目其它動物即使現在還是不「知道」進行此研究的科學家所臆測和列舉手淫的種種「存活優勢」。
根據以上第二點，這個行為(或任何幾萬年前就有的非遺傳性行為)發生的誘因，不能用「具有演化優勢」來解釋。只有被基因組合所控制或引發的行為，才能夠合邏輯的用「具有演化優勢」來解釋。凡是隨機發生或模仿學習來的行為，邏輯上都不能夠用演化優勢來解釋它發生的原因。
我可以提出一個常識性的解釋來說明動物為什麼「手淫」：當精子或卵子在精囊或卵巢積留到一定數量，它們會產生壓力。壓力導致不舒適；使得動物或人有減輕壓力的需求。從而，手淫行為產生的來源有兩個：
a. 偶然發現手淫行為有減輕壓力的好處或副作用；
b. 模仿前輩或同儕(學習)。
我們可以根據「演化優勢」來解釋人類為什麼持續用「火」；但「演化優勢」無法解釋人類第一次「用火」的行為。
演化心理學家和演化行為學家的思考盲點在此。
Origins of masturbation traced back to primates 40m years ago
Behaviour predates humans by tens of millions of years but evolutionary purpose is less clear, scientists say
Ian Sample, 06/07/23
Evolutionary biologists have traced the origins of masturbation to ancient primates that predate the first humans by tens of millions of years.
The findings emerged from what scientists believe is the largest dataset ever compiled on the activity, and confirm that humans arose on a branch of the tree of life replete with self-pleasuring predecessors.
“What we can say is this behaviour was present around 40m years ago, in the common ancestor of all monkeys and apes,” said Dr Matilda Brindle, the lead researcher on the study at University College London. “It’s not that some species woke up one day and started doing it. This is an ancient, evolved trait.”
Brindle and her colleagues delved deep into the history of the behaviour in the hope of understanding the origins of what at first glance seems an evolutionary conundrum. From an evolutionary perspective, masturbation appears costly, distracting, wasteful, even risky.
To reconstruct the history of the act, the scientists pulled together hundreds of publications, questionnaire responses and personal notes about masturbating primates from primatologists and zoo keepers. They then mapped the information on to primate evolutionary trees, revealing how the activity reached back through time.
Writing in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the team describes how masturbation appeared common across primates of all sexes and ages. But why it evolved more than 40m years ago is less clear. Historically, biological studies have neglected females, giving the authors little good data to go on. For males, however, there are at least hints.
The scientists’ analyses found support for the idea that male masturbation boosted the chances of impregnating a mate. For example, a low-ranking male may masturbate just enough to increase their arousal before sex, meaning they inseminate their partner faster – and before a burly competitor has the chance to knock them off and spoil the fun. Masturbation could also help males to shed old sperm, leaving them with fresher, more competitive sperm for sex.
That was not the only apparent driver. The researchers found that male masturbation in primates rose in line with levels of sexually transmitted infections. One explanation could be that masturbation after sex helps flush the genital tract, reducing the risk of an infection taking hold.
Brindle said more data was needed to nail down the evolutionary drivers for masturbation in females. One idea is that masturbation before sex affords female primates some influence over which male gets them pregnant: by making the vagina less acidic, it becomes more hospitable to the chosen mate’s sperm.
“This is such a common behaviour across the animal kingdom, I find it absolutely baffling that nobody has researched it before,” said Brindle. “For people who think masturbation is wrong, or unnatural in some way, this is perfectly natural behaviour. It’s part of our healthy repertoire of sexual behaviours.”
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