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0.   前言

文學批評的派別很多,有從心理分析著手的、有從結構主義著手的、有從馬克斯主義著手的、有從詮釋論著手的、有從文字/語言學著手的、有從宗教/哲學觀點著手的、以及從文化觀點著手的等等(Lodge1991)。這些批評家們,各從一個特定的角度來看一部作品,使得一般讀者,能欣賞作者的題材和風格,也幫助讀者了解作者企圖表達的意旨或意象。但從另一方面來看,這種批評方式,就像用望遠鏡看景色一樣,它雖然讓我們清楚的看到鏡中的美景,卻也侷限了我們的視野。即使不落入坐井觀天的缺陷,也難逃見樹不見林的遺憾。我對文學沒有研究,當然也就沒有做批評的能力。這篇文章簡單的介紹其人和其文風;我另外做了些翻譯的工作,請大家咀嚼玩味法蘭茲卡夫卡(Franz Kafka)的作品(卡夫卡選輯》)。我綜合部份「卡學」學者的詮釋,加上自己的感受,在2.2節中,簡單的討論《別費勁了》這個極短篇。算是野人獻曝,希望能幫助網友欣賞卡夫卡的作品。

這篇文章分為兩部份。

1) 卡夫卡小傳。
2) 卡夫卡夢一般的世界。

1.       卡夫卡小傳(1)

1883年,法蘭茲卡夫卡在捷克首都布拉格出生。他的父親赫門是一個猶太屠夫的兒子。赫門小時候非常貧窮,後來離鄉背井,受盡了歧視和壓迫,終於赤手空拳打出了一個小康的局面。這段辛酸的奮鬥史,多少造成了赫門曝燥乖戾的性格和望子成龍的心理。

卡夫卡是長子也是獨子。他的體格和性格,卻與赫門背道而馳。在他父親眼中,卡夫卡是個不成材的東西。他雖然很想和父親溝通,討他的喜歡,但結果往往是動輒得咎,兩人搞得格格不入。卡夫卡把他從小在心理和情緒上受到的摧殘,在《給父親的信》(Kafka1979a186)中描繪得淋漓盡致。做父母的人都該看看這封信,學學「不該」如何教育子女。好在他的幾個姐妹,也許不很了解他,但都給了他姐弟、兄妹間的關懷、溫馨、和照顧。卡夫卡這段成長的經驗,造成他獨特的性格與人生觀。這是他成為20世紀首席小說作家之一的主要因素(2)。我想這是在卡夫卡童年時期,他父子兩人都預見不到的。

卡夫卡在二十二、三歲時,曾有一段戀愛史。三十歲時(1913),他認識了菲麗絲鮑爾,兩人交往了四年。在這四年間,除了魚雁往返之外,兩人訂婚兩次但是卡夫卡兩次都打了退堂鼓。鮑爾在1919年和別人結婚。同年,卡夫卡在和朱麗沃瑞茲交往一年後訂婚。幾個月後,卡夫卡又臨陣退縮,解除婚約。1920年他開始和美蓮娜捷生卡通信。捷生卡是有夫之婦,這段情也就只能不了了之。1923年他和朵娜代門同居,朵娜親切的照顧他,可惜第二年卡夫卡就病逝了。

卡夫卡一直很想有一個家庭,但他始終跨不出人生的這一大步。也許是因為他想保持獨身的自由,來對文學做鞠躬盡瘁的投入。也許是因為他怕自己帶著癆病的身體,不能給妻子恩愛、幸福的生活。他在愛情的旅途上徘徊踟躕,終究得不到一個歸宿。難怪讀他的作品,常有「念天地之悠悠,獨愴然而涕下」的感覺(陳子昂,1982)

捷克是奧匈帝國下的統治區。布拉格的德國人只占當地人口的百分之五,但卻掌握著文化上、經濟上、和政治上的勢力。猶太人為了在商業上分點殘羹剩肴,不得不向德國人靠攏、歸化。卡夫卡和其它「高等」猶太人一樣,從小就講德文、上德國學校。在19世紀末期,奧匈帝國內部各種族間的衝突和鬥爭,漸漸尖銳起來。夾在德國人和捷克人之間,猶太人兩面不是人。卡夫卡從小學開始,就受到這種政治上、種族上的輕蔑、仇恨、和打擊。猶太人復國運動在1880年左右開始醞釀,到20世紀初期而風起雲湧。卡夫卡二十九歲那年,和一群用伊迪息語言(3)演戲的演員來往密切。他開始研究猶太教教義和猶太文化,探索自己的根源。在他臨死的前幾年,他曾有過到巴勒斯坦,參加以色列建國工作的念頭,因為疾病纏身而作罷。這些政治因素,也影響著他性格的塑成,感受的空虛。

卡夫卡雖然在十六歲時就嘗試寫作,他在大學主修的卻是法律。二十三歲得到法學士的學位後,做了一、兩年的見習律師。二十五歲時(1908),開始在布拉格工人意外保險院上班,一直做到三十九歲因病退休為止。十四年間,他就過著白天科員、晚上作家的二重生活。我們從他寫作風格和作品題材上,不難看出律師生涯的痕跡。

卡夫卡從小就體弱多病,三十四歲時(1917),肺病發作。1924年在維也納近郊去世,只活了四十歲另十一個月。他大部份的作品,在死後由好友麥克斯布洛德整理編輯發表。和他大約同年的有:魯迅(1881年生)、畢卡索(1881年生)、喬哀思(1882年生)、和史特拉文斯基(1882年生)等。辛亥革命發生在1911年;第一次世界大戰在1914年爆發;孫中山先生和他同年去世。他的時代背景,可以從這裏略知一、二。

如果你對卡夫卡不很熟悉,不妨先看第2節,再欣賞《卡夫卡選輯》寓言及小品》中他的作品。你也可以先看後者,再讀第2節,然後重讀《卡夫卡選輯》。以我自己的經驗,每次重讀卡夫卡的作品,或喬哀思的《都柏林人》(Joyce1967),都會有不同的感受(4)

2.      卡夫卡夢一般的世界

2.1 《像卡夫卡般的孤獨》

瑪西羅勃特在這本書中,對卡夫卡的作品,有一段很精闢的分析。我翻譯出來給大家參考。

「卡夫卡所記述的,屬於他自己的『夢一般的內在生活』,基本上是為了逃避、治療、和重生 -- 在他心目中,這三者是合在一起的 -- 因此,卡夫卡作品的目的,很明顯的不在把作者和他的讀者,帶到一個不必負責任的夢中世界。相反的,它的目的在幫助做夢的人醒過來。指導做夢的人,把對自己深刻的了解,和行動的能量,從自己心中那股黑暗而洶湧的勢力分開。因為沒有自我了解和行動的能量,我們只是在行屍走肉而已。很多人把卡夫卡和超現實主義相提並論,後者也常常把他說的話掛在嘴邊,但卡夫卡和他們是不同的。他不是在利用寫作,來把自己和現實分開,來投入夢境和夢境中非理性的、毫無限制的自由。恰恰相反,他並沒有把夢境當做目的地,因為他已經生活在夢境中,事實上這是唯一讓他感到無拘無束的地方。他一直在追求現實,對他來說,現實才是一個不可能到達的地域和禁區。他認為有種魔力,把他和現實分開,使他不能進入現實。他想從夢中得到的,是找出何以他會這樣可怕的、被放逐在現實以外的秘密,找出如何克服這個被放逐情況的方法。(對卡夫卡來說,夢境不是一個化外之地,也不是一個讓羅曼蒂克式的人迷失自己的邊區。它是一個弗格伊德可以分析的幻想標本)。」(Robert1986176)

我試著把這段話加以引申。我在第1節提到,卡夫卡的家庭生活(童年的成長經驗)和當時政治、社會的大環境,塑造了他的感性和人生觀。它們也制約著他的夢境。卡夫卡的題材,來自他每天夢境的記錄。這是為什麼他作品的佈局(故事)奇突詭異,情景如夢似幻。從傳統文學理論的觀點來看,他的作品完全沒有所謂的「一致性」。所以讀者完全抓不到他到底要說些什麼。但讀了他的作品後,在若有所得、若有所失、瞻之在前、忽焉在後的感受下,我們開始去思考和探索人生的問題。達斯妥也夫斯基正好和他相反。後者的題材來自對社會的觀察和個人生活的體驗。他有一定的基本訊息要表達(廣義的意識型態(胡卜凱,2002))。因此,達氏用活生生的、有血有淚的故事,深刻入微的心理分析,他獨特的敘述方式,把讀者震撼到去面對社會的現實和人生的究竟

我認為卡夫卡三個長篇小說 --《美國》(Kafka1976)、《審判》(Kafka1969)、和《城堡》(Kafka1959) -- 風格都不相同他一直在嘗試、找尋不同的表達方式。文學創作在他來說,是一個成長的、演化的、變動的、沒有成形、也沒有終點的過程。另一方面,他面人活,感受多於見解,反應多於頓悟。一個通俗但不一定很適當的說法是:卡夫卡的作品是感性的,而不是智性的或思考性的。在這種情況下,要想銓釋卡夫卡的作品,即使不是水中撈月,也只能做到瞎子摸象的地步。我可以用一般批評家對於《城堡》的詮釋,來說明以上的看法。對於《城堡》的詮釋,大概分為四種:

a. 從卡夫卡和他父親的關係著手,認為卡和城堡的疏離,象徵或反映著他們父子間的疏離(心理分析派)
b. 認為卡夫卡是在諷刺奧匈帝國的官僚醜態(馬克斯主義West)
c. 認為卡與城堡的關係,象徵人類和上帝之間可怕的隔膜(宗教/哲學觀點)。布洛德和湯瑪斯曼代表這類看法(Kafka1959xvi)
d. 認為《城堡》象徵人生的虛無、不可掌握、或不可理解(存在主義Heller1975)

以上四種說法,與其說是《城堡》的主旨,倒不如說是每個評論家在借它來發揮他們自己所偏愛的議題。

我們每個人都有獨特的生活經驗、社會背景、和文化洗禮。借用聲學的說法,這些因素,校定了每個人心弦特有的頻率。我們能不能和某位藝術家,或一般朋友起共鳴,就在於雙方心弦的頻率是不是相近。和寡倒也不一定因為「曲高」,只要一個人的心弦頻率與眾不同(異類),就會有這種結果。拿我自己的經驗來說,在中學時代,我讀李商隱的詩,只能欣賞他的文詞優美、對仗工穩。三十年後再讀「春蠶到死絲方盡、蠟炬成灰淚始乾」時(李商隱,1982a),就不知不覺的回到了台大校園。棕櫚樹下、杜鵑花旁,在年青人的嘻笑聲中,聽到自己喃喃的唸道:「此情可待成追憶,只是當時已惘然。」(李商隱,1982b)。卡夫卡的生活世界,並不是鋼筋水泥的森林、令人窒息的組織、千篇一律的大眾傳播、不必有大腦的機器文明/網路溝通、被廣告牽著鼻子走的消費、再消費生活方式。但他獨特和超敏銳的感性,使他在20世紀初期,就聽到我們當下(後現代?)的吶喊。他用簡潔的筆觸,夢一般的題材,譜出現代人的悲歌。這是為什麼他被尊崇為20世紀代言人的原因。

一般來說,卡夫卡的作品,並不給人絕望的感覺。他沒有答案,也沒有教條。他只描繪出一個狀況,讓讀者自己去決定怎麼評估面對、和走出下一步。在他的世界中,有追尋的空間,因此也就有找到希望和未來的可能。

2.2 別費勁了 -- 討論(5)

這則極短篇,可說是卡夫卡作品的代表。

a. 文筆簡鍊 -- 這故事的每一句話都有它的作用,可以說一個多餘的字都沒有。「街道乾淨」表示這個小鎮是管理得很好的,反襯出下面警察回答的荒謬。「空曠」表示主角的孤獨與走投無路。當警察拒絕幫忙後,主角就連門兒都沒有因為再沒有第二個人可以求助。「我得儘快的趕去」,點出主角處境的焦灼,又反襯出警察漫不經心的態度。
b. 結構分明 -- 卡夫卡的作品,大部份是一個三部曲的結構。首先是一個普通的開始,跟著一個轉折,最後來個奇兵突起的結束。走向車站、對錶、和警察的回答,是這個故事發展的程序。
c. 題材通俗 -- 卡夫卡的短篇故事大部份是從日常生活中取材,但他能來個畫龍點睛,讓讀者們回味無窮。這就是卡木說的:「卡夫卡用日常生活來寫悲劇,用邏輯來顯示荒謬」(Camus1955)
d. 夢境一般的氣氛 -- 這個小故事,就像在做夢一樣。所謂「卡夫卡式的世界」,就是一個夢黶般的世界。走掉路是日常生活中常有的事,但只有在夢裏,才會碰到一個莫名其妙,答非所問的警察。卡夫卡的故事,常常給人「似曾夢過」的感覺。
e. 象徵的手法 -- 這是我們可以從多方面來領會卡夫卡作品的原因。「街道」、「時鐘」、「車站」和「警察」等,除了它們在故事中表面所指示的意象外,都有另一個層次的指向意義。厄瑞克赫勒認為「鐘」和「錶」兩個時間的差異,表現著外部世界和內部世界的脫節(Kafka1979axiii)。如果我們延續這種詮釋方式,那麼,「車站」表示一個找不到的世外桃源?「警察」表示一個不指示「道」的上帝?一個昏庸的權威?卡木在上面所引的文章中,一開始就說:「卡夫卡的整個藝術,在強迫讀者一讀再讀他的作品」。他不是在說卡夫卡的作品很晦澀,而是指他的作品,包含多方面的意思。我們要一讀再讀,才能領會,而且每次領會到的意思都不同
f. 現代社會的主題 -- 一般人在現代社會生活中,所感受到的失落、脫節、疏離、和無能為力的感覺,在這個小故事中,一波一波的逼上來。現代人的生活,是不是就像一個流浪者在人生地不熟的小鎮上摸索?人的生命,是不是像搭火車或巴士一樣,搭不搭得上並沒有什麼分別(別費勁了)?警察的態度,是不是很像號稱人民公僕的官吏?他們對一般老百姓的問題,既不關心,也沒有任何解決的能力,說不定在下意識中,還「何不食肉糜」(別費勁了)的嘲笑著。


後記:

本文原載《中華雜誌》季刊,19933月、7月、和12月號。和舊文相較,在文字、標點符號、及段落順序上略做更動外,第2節略有增加。一般而言,並無實質改變但行文和前後照應上,稍微緊湊一些。 -- 20029 【知識和社會廣場

1992年初,家父告知《中華雜誌》將在次年停刊要我寫篇文章做個紀念。我當時說,我可以些一篇介紹達斯妥也夫斯基或介紹卡夫卡的文章,請他老人家指定。他說,講前者的文章已經夠多了,你大概也講不出什麼新觀點。還是講卡夫卡吧。我花了近一年的時間寫完本文第12兩節和第3節的一部份。19935月回國後,完成第3節。

因為需要修正地方過多,2005年在本城市上只轉貼了當時【廣場】的網址做連結。這次再度做了些修正。由於全文過長,此處我把原文第三節移出來成為一篇單獨文章發表。-- 202212


附註:

1.本節所參考的資料有:Anderson1989Robert1986Pawel1984;及Kafka1979a中所附年譜。
2. 在《啟示錄的四騎士》中(Hubben1997)Hubben對祈克果、達斯妥也夫斯基、卡夫卡、和尼采等四人的個人生活及思想,做了有趣的比較。此書對這四位哲學家、文學家做了相當簡明扼要的介紹。不過Hubben的思想比較偏向傳統或正統,他對後三位的許多評論,我不盡同意。我沒有讀多少祈克果的作品,關於他的部分,我沒有資格置喙。
3. 伊迪息語言(Yiddish):源於東歐猶太人社區的方言。以德語為主,夾雜大量希伯來語及斯拉夫語。以希伯來字母書寫。
4. 大學時代,我在《現代文學》雜誌上,第一次讀到《都柏林人》。後來重讀了兩、三次。35歲以前,只覺得此書文筆清新,故事娓娓動40歲後,漸漸領會到書中「無可奈何花落去,似曾相識燕歸來」(晏殊,1987)的感傷氣氛。我才開始了解到melancholy這個字的意思。
5. 這一部分,有些材料(如關於卡夫卡作品的結構),來自有時在美國出差時,偶而在各地圖書館讀過的,對卡夫卡作品的介紹。當時沒有做筆記的習慣,現在無法一一註明出處。不敢掠美,在此說明。


參考書籍和文章:


Anderson, M. 編輯,1989, Reading Kafka: Prague, Politics, and the Fin de Siècle, Schocken Books, New York
Camus, A. 1955, Hope and the Absurd in the Works of Franz Kafka, 收入 The Myth of Sisyphus, Vintage Book, New York

Heller, E. 1975, The World of Franz Kafka, 收入 The Disinherited
Hubben, W. 1997, Dostoyevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Kafka, Touchstone, New York
Joyce, J. 1967, Dubliners, The Viking Press, New York
Kafka, F. 1959, W. Muir/E. Muir 英譯, The Castle, Alffred. A. Knopf Inc., New York
Kafka, F. 1971a, T. Stern/J. Stern 英譯, Franz. Kafka - The Complete Stories, Schocken Books, New York
Kafka, F. 1971b, W. Muir/E. Muir 英譯, Franz. Kafka - The Complete Stories, Schocken Books, New York
Kafka, F. 1979a, The Basic Kafka, Pocket Books, New York
Lodge, D. 編輯,1991, Modern Criticism and Theory, Longman, New York
Pawel, E. 1984, The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka, Farrar Straus, Giroux, New York
Robert, M. 1986, Manheim, R. 英譯, As Lonely as Franz Kafka, Schocken Books, New York
West, R. Kafka and the Mystery of Bureaucracy, 收入 Hamalian, L. 編輯, Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism, Mc Graw-Hill, New York
李商隱,1982a,《無題》。收入 蘅塘退士編,《唐詩三百首》,中華書局,北京。卷六,25
李商隱,1982b,《錦瑟》。收入 蘅塘退士編,《唐詩三百首》,中華書局,北京。卷六,21
胡卜凱,2002,《「縱欲與虛無之上:現代情境裡的政治倫理」讀後 - 政治篇》,刊於知識和社會廣場,知識區,9月,2002
晏殊,《浣溪沙》,1987。收入 龍榆生編,《唐宋名家詞選》,大孚書局,台南。61
陳子昂,1982,《登幽州臺歌》。收入 蘅塘退士編,《唐詩三百首》,中華書局,北京。卷二,1


其他參考書籍:

Kafka, F. 1965, Brod, M. 編輯, Kresh, J. 英譯,Diaries1910 - 1913, Schocken Books, New York
Kafka, F. 1992, Heller, E./Born, J. 編輯, J. Stern/E. Duckworth 英譯, Letters to Felice, Mandarin, London
Kafka, F. 1969, 黃書敬 中譯,《審判》志文出版社,台北
Kafka, F. 1979b,熊仁 中譯,《城堡》,遠景出版社,台北
Kafka, F. 1992,張伯權 中譯,《卡夫卡的寓言與格言》,久大文化,台北
Kafka, F.,金溟若 中譯,《蛻變》,志文出版社,台北。包含有卡夫卡其他膾炙人口的中、短篇小說,如《蛻變》、《流刑地》、和《巢穴》等。



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下文介紹卡夫卡紀念文物展」;作者對卡夫卡的時代生平、和作品做了簡單但精采的描述和詮釋。值得卡迷們一讀。其中有一小段討論到本欄上一篇評論的《蛻變》

Urgent Messages from Eternity

Deborah Eisenberg, 02/13/25 issue

An exhibition of Franz Kafka’s postcards, letters, and manuscript pages rekindles our sense of him as a writer deeply connected to his own time and place.


Franz Kafka and his sister Ottla in Zürau, northwest Bohemia (now Siřem, Czech Republic), where he stayed after being diagnosed with tuberculosis, 1917
Bodleian Library, University of Oxfor 照片卡夫卡和他妹妹

Reviewed:

Franz Kafka
An exhibition at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, May 30–October 27, 2024, and the Morgan Library and Museum, New York City, November 22, 2024–April 13, 2025
Catalog of the exhibition edited by Ritchie Robertson
Oxford: Bodleian Library, 175 pp., $55.00


If Franz Kafka, whose arresting appearance we know so well from photographs, had looked like Ernest Hemingway or Homer Simpson or Boris Johnson—almost anybody other than Franz Kafka—the figure of a hopelessly complicated, alarmingly delicate, self-enclosed neurotic, whose quivering otherworldly sensitivity unfitted him to the trivialities of human intercourse, might not stand so firmly between us and him. The ears suggesting extraterrestrial ancestry, the “intense, creaturely gaze of startled composure—enormous fears, enormous control,” as Philip Roth puts it. Even Kafka’s baby picture reproduced on a wall of the Morgan Library and Museum’s exhibition “Franz Kafka” says, Uh-oh, here comes trouble.

Those indelible images of a lone witness about to be engulfed in darkness function as graphic emblems of Kafka’s writing, and reinforce a wariness among potential readers. In any case, there seem to be a lot of people who approach (or avoid) Kafka’s fiction in anticipation of something somber, cryptic, too abstruse to enjoy. It’s unfortunate, because the fiction is mesmerizing, unendingly rewarding, and often wildly funny. It comes to the page from very deep regions of the mind—a narrative alloy of matchless realness, shocking intensity, and essential mystery. True, one might be baffled, horrified, resistant, or impervious, but reading Kafka’s fiction requires no more special skills or knowledge than dreaming does. As in a dream, each image, each narrative element, is a condensed amalgam of multiple associations whose relationships are both protean and tightly entwined. And like dreams, his fiction invites—provokes, demandsinterpretation. To which it is ultimately unsusceptible; it’s just too—pardon me, but—perfect. The enigma is irreducible.

Showing at the Morgan until April 13, “Franz Kafka” marked the centennial of Kafka’s death when it opened last fall and was first mounted as “Kafka: Making of an Icon” at Oxford University’s Bodleian Library. An exhibition of this sort is possible because scrupulous and inspired scholarship over the past decades has yielded an enormous amount of information about Kafka. At the very least, the conventionalized portrait of the writer has gained detail, and quite a different man comes forward from the darkness. It’s not that the familiar epithets are inaccurate in themselves—Kafka was in fact hopelessly complicated, alarmingly delicate, and afflicted by neurotic symptoms—but that the brand is; he was also, we find, exceptionally alive, fairly sociable, reasonably athletic, widely curious, unusually able and multitalented, with charm to burn. Incidentally, for what it’s worth, it turns out that a number of those striking solo images of him were extracted from photographs in which he appeared with other people, including his first (and second) fiancée, Felice Bauer.

The apparently ineradicable notion that he was incapable of a “realsexual or romantic relationship is a bit of a fiction. True, his love life was conflicted and tormented, filled with obstacles and sorrows, vexed by the restrictive ambivalence and fears particular to his nature, but was it that much more conflicted and tormented, filled with obstacles and sorrows, vexed by idiosyncratic psychological tendencies, than—frankly—the usual?

His oeuvre is considered very small, and compared to its stature and to the commentaries, translations, analyses, biographical studies, and slag heaps of verbiage it has generated, it certainly is. It includes the portion of his short fiction that was published during his lifetime (a small fraction of everything he wrote) and the vast majority of his writing that was never intended (by him) to see the light of day: aphorisms, three unfinished novels, various other fragments, and an abundance of notebooks, diaries, and letters. He was sharply observant of himself as well as others, and maybe it’s the purely private writing that has licensed the opinion of many people (who themselves might keep journals) that he was significantly more self-involved than they.

Kafka’s reservations concerning the publication of his fiction are well known, as is the stipulation in his will that his close friend and champion, the writer Max Brod, burn his unpublished work, and it’s well known that Brod did not. Less well known is that Kafka himself burned a certain amount, and that his final love, Dora Diamant, whom he wished to marry, said she also burned some, though that seems not to have been true. What is true is that what we have was saved from oblivion only by chains of improbable circumstances, starting in 1939—as the exhibit tells us—with Brod’s escape from Prague on the last train out before the Germans invaded, with a suitcase full of Kafka’s papers.

Selections at the Morgan of this treasure, available to be seen in the United States for the first time, include the manuscript of Die Verwandlung (the story whose title is usually translated as The Metamorphosis), a notebook containing the story “The Judgment,” a notebook opened to the page where Kafka broke off his unfinished novel Das Schloss (The Castle) in midsentence, other manuscript pages, notebook and diary entries, letters, four original pages of his aphorisms, postcards sent from his European travels—several of them, amusing and affectionate, to his youngest and favorite sister, Ottla—and a few of his drawings.

Also on display is a facsimile page of the novella-length letter he wrote to his stormy, belittling, dismissive, blowhard father, Hermann, who, even when Franz was gaining recognition in Prague, considered his son’s consuming drive to write to be an inexplicable pastime, like a fancy for model trains. Reiner Stach, in his enthralling three-volume biography of Kafka, notes that Hermann often spoke of his own childhood sufferings “as though his miseries were great achievements.” (The letter never reached him; it was intercepted by Kafka’s milder, more sympathetic mother, Julie.)

It’s an odd sensation—a little bewildering—to drift through a show of a writer’s papers, especially if one doesn’t read the language in which they’re written. After all, unless one is a graphologist or an expert in the composition of ink or paper, what exactly are we looking at? How do they illuminate the life of a writer who lived in another time? And what does a writer’s life have to do with the writing, anyhow? For that matter, what does the writing have to do with the writer? Does the moral conduct, for instance, of the writer correspond to the validity of the writer’s work?

The fashion of the moment says yes, I say no, but even on the off chance a correct answer exists, it will not be derived from pieces of paper on a wall. And although there have been a great many children with a parent or two as crushing as Hermann Kafka—children who have been made to feel miserable inadequacy, persistent guilt, shame, resentment of the injustice, and as much fear of their own internalized feelings as of the parent who levied them—no manuscript fragment, or indeed anything else, will explain how it came to be that Franz Kafka and only Franz Kafka wrote The Metamorphosis. Yet the sheer physical fact of these papers, the intimate small shock of the handwriting, of a word or phrase crossed out, the irrefutable existence of a time that once existed in exactly the same materiality as ours, is at moments uncannily effective; one feels that urgent messages from eternity, written in an indecipherable language, are emitting an inextinguishable afterglow.

If you were new to the planet, it might never occur to you that eggs and butter and sugar and flour, of all things, constitute cupcakes, but you might very much enjoy eating one. And the more you learn about the particulars of Kafka’s life, the clearer it becomes that the use he made of those particulars in his work has emptied them of biographical significance and mobilized their transcendent essences: the anxiously readjusting logical progressions; the specters of shame, guilt, justice, and power inequities; the tasks that must, but cannot possibly, be accomplished; the conundrum of the individual’s relationship to social authority—the father, the colonizer, the judge, the academy.

Most mysterious is the tensile strength of the pieces. Nothing feels arbitrary or random or empty. The integrity, the inner coherence, is—though unfathomable—unassailable. The core seems to unfold and unfold; sometimes one has a sensation of falling from a great height at several speeds simultaneously—a breathtaking plummet with leisure to see the passing details outlined with a preternatural clarity.

The exhibition is divided into five sections: “Life and Times,” “The Metamorphosis,” “The Castle,” “Journeys,” and the fifth, implicitly culminating section, which repeats the startling phrase “Making of an Icon” from the title of the catalog. A display of this kind can provide only sparkly little points of orientation to Kafka’s “life and times,” but radiating out from his fairly stable social and historical position, their coordinates connect as a huge, threatening net, pulsing with violence, past and future, in which Kafka was deeply enmeshed.

Hermann and Julie were Jewish, as the exhibition makes clear. As we know, for centuries throughout much of Europe, Jews were de facto aliens, frequently herded into semiautonomous communities, barred from many ways of making a living and from owning land and therefore from participating in the civic life of their nation. But conversant by default with disreputable things like trade and currency, Jews also had their uses, and from time to time a reformer would come to power, loosen restrictions, and confer various rights.

Distrust and murderous fear of this disenfranchised, persecuted, and excluded—and therefore unallied and politically unreliable”—group didn’t automatically evaporate when restrictions were lifted; they did not evaporate, for example, in Prague, where Kafka was born and grew up. Active antisemitism was largely quiescent in Kafka’s youth—confined to a tense atmosphere—though the Jewish community, try as it might to fit in, was always aware that it was on historically thin ice, ice that was shattered from time to time by spasms of violence.

Owing to the Austrian constitutional reforms of 1849, Hermann Kafka—unlike his own father, a Schochet (kosher butcher)—could legally marry and choose his means of livelihood as well as his place of residence. Like many liberated Jews in Bohemia, Hermann came to Prague, escaping a straitened life in a rural village, and with the help of Julie’s dowry, agreeable personality, and family experience in retail, this overbearing and abrasive man opened a fancy-goods shop, where the couple toiled like cart horses. The child of this basically secular pair, who were determined to assimilate into the bourgeois German-speaking Jewish culture of the city, was both stiflingly pampered and stiflingly pressured—a familiar social pattern; his mandate from birth was to shed ethnic signifiers and enact his father’s idea of what it meant to be a success, an idea that contained no template for weirdo writer.

Kafka was a born outsider—to the life his parents had put behind them, to the life they emulated, and to the language spoken by half of Prague. The city was populated by German-speaking Protestants as well as by Czech-speaking Catholics, between whom there was plenty of bad historical blood; the Kafkas spoke the language of the empire, but increasingly the prestige and social potency of German was waning in favor of Czech—the language of the nation.

The day of Kafka’s birth happened also to be the day on which an anodyne-sounding Bohemian parliamentary decision effected a momentous power shift that enabled many more of the Czech majority—and more Jews, too—to vote. Here’s what the Neue Freie Presse, the Viennese newspaper of record, had to say about that: “Will it really get to the point that Prague drowns in the Slavic inundation?” Not at all, the paper declared: “Prague will again become what it was, a center of human culture, that is to say German culture.” Reality had other plans. Throughout Austria-Hungary, countries and regions were chafing under imperial control and increasingly resentful of the imposition of German and Hungarian over their own languages. In Bohemia, tensions between the Germans and the Czechs heated up, and antisemitism was once again a live issue, with Jews being a handy—and unifying—target for all sides. The empire held together until 1914, when Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo, though in retrospect one hears the rotted seams tearing in 1883 as Kafka was laid in his cradle.

Thousands of years have not sufficed to settle the contentious (particularly among Jews) debates about what constitutes Jewishness—what makes a person a Jew. And in the absence of solid criteria, when push, so to speak, comes to shove, either self-definition or antisemitism will qualify you as a Jew to someone. And in that sense—although his relationship to both Judaism and Zionism (like Judaism a blurry category) was complex, conflicted, and vacillating throughout the course of his life—Kafka doubly qualified.

Formally, he was less engaged in Judaism than his parents, who observed the High Holidays and Passover and never disassociated themselves from the religion. But whereas they were eager to wash their hands of exotic stains, Kafka, like many acculturated young urban Jews, felt the pull of Jewish—that is, Eastern European and Russian Jewish—culture, stories, and mysticism. He studied some Hebrew and taught himself more, learned a bit of Yiddish, and periodically dreamed of traveling to Palestine.

There are a couple of photos in the show, discharging a faded carnival atmosphere, of performers in a traveling Yiddish theater company in which Kafka became very interested. Really, it’s not at all surprising that courteous, reserved, punctiliously dressed, and fastidious Herr Doctor Franz Kafka (the title was conferred with his doctorate of law degree) was entranced by this ragged, filthy, largely illiterate, stunningly amateurish company, and promoted their performances to a baffled audience of Prague’s middle-class Jews, who couldn’t understand a word they said. To the horrified revulsion of his father, he befriended the leader of the troupe, Jizchok Löwy.

Narrated by a former wild ape who is now a famous performing hybrid of some sort, “A Report to an Academy,” like all of Kafka’s fiction, neatly fuses associations of many sorts. The story most conspicuously concerns the unwilled betrayal of one’s own nature, the costs entailed—the quasi-freedom and third-rate approval gained in being forcibly deracinated. The overwhelming impact of the story doesn’t in the least depend on knowing about Kafka’s conflicted relationship to assimilation or that he referred to himself as his “parents’ ape.” But knowing it does make one feel worse for Kafka.

Kafka longed to escape Prague, which he called “this little mother” with “claws,” and to enter into the literary life of Berlin and Vienna. His curiosity about the world was active—the exhibition notes his dreamy attraction to China and Japan—but he never got farther than Paris and northern Italy. One of his pleasures (a pleasure that seems to have been sunnier in retrospect) was traveling, when possible with Brod. On these brief trips Brod ran off to see the sights while Kafka washed away travel grime and then went out to see the people.

Featured in the show is an architectural model of an apartment where the family lived for some time, which served, with a bit of imaginary reconfiguring, as the inescapable interior of The Metamorphosis. Kafka was said to be abnormally sensitive to noise, and if nature did not make him so, no doubt the layout of the apartment did. Unlike his sisters’ shared room, his was “private”—but it had two doors, one opening onto his parents’ room and the other onto the living room, and to get to their own bedroom, Hermann and Julie had to pass right through their son’s.

He lived with his parents until he was thirty, but oddly, the section of the exhibition devoted to The Metamorphosis—the ultimate domestic story, and Kafka’s best known, whose famous first sentence describes Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman, awakening from troubled dreams to the reality that he is a giant, disgusting, bug-like thing—is largely given over to elegant drawings of bugs and entomological writings. This apparent deflection calls attention to a problem that has flummoxed Kafka translators from the outset: How to translate the physical form that Samsa has assumed in the new (and final) stage of his life cycle, an “ungeheuren Ungeziefer”?

Edwin and Willa Muir, Kafka’s first—and superb—English-language translators, settled on “gigantic insect”; among other approximations out there, Susan Bernofsky’s recent lively translation gives us “some sort of monstrous insect”; Mark Harmon, just “monstrous insect”; and Michael Hofmann, “monstrous cockroach.”

But the German original, something more literally like “monstrous vermin,” has a wealth of connotations, including uncleanliness and unfitness for ritual slaughter, that emphasize with fierce irony the title’s lofty promise: the fulfillment of a destiny. In The Metamorphosis we learn what that destiny is immediately: as the humble caterpillar will be in its fullness the glorious butterfly, the pitiably insufficient Samsa will be in his fullness an ungeheuren Ungeziefer. Anybody over the age of eleven or so—given a sense of humor, an empathetic nature, and a robust threshold for anxiety, grief, and horror—who has ever been, or met, a member of a bourgeois family will recognize, very possibly with gratitude and a gleeful feeling of vindication, the brute physics of family life.

Some fluent readers of German contend that Kafka is untranslatable. No doubt this is, in a strict sense, true; if languages and cultures all operated in the same way, literary translation would work sort of like Bingo, and Google Translate would be overqualified. But the talents required of a literary translator include, even more than an understanding of the language being translated from, an extraordinary sensitivity to the language being translated into, an exceptionally alert responsiveness to tone, and fundamentally a deep insight into the text. As a literary translator once said to me, “If you don’t understand what’s going on between the lines, you can’t translate the lines.” Regardless of the degree of fidelity with which Kafka can be represented in another language, marvel after marvel has been rendered into English from Kafka’s German. And those of us who are confined to reading English have the somewhat compensatory pleasure of comparing the word choices of various translators, each of which emphasizes a particular coloration that influences the whole.

I’d think that one of the difficulties in translating Kafka is, paradoxically, the clean, bland, pedestrian plainness of expression—no holes or frills to hide in, nothing squishy or bendable, no suspect claims. That is to say, no room for errors or irrelevant associations. Although his fiction is often set in an indeterminate place whose natural laws are not necessarily appreciable, owing to that very precision and to the perfect verisimilitude of detail the narratives are indubitable from the very beginning. When the coverlet slips annoyingly off Gregor Samsa’s carapace, we know, before we have a chance to think, that he’s a bug. And when he looks at the clock and understands that he didn’t hear its alarm, we experience his intensifying panic as he comes to understand that turning into a huge revolting insect is GOING TO MAKE HIM LATE FOR WORK. (Which incidentally Kafka almost was, almost always.)

Kafka’s civil service job with the Workers’ Accident Insurance Institute was a lot better than Samsa’s job. Less than half accurate, at best, is the notion that Kafka was a low-level clerk of some sort. On the contrary—although inconveniently Jewish, he was invaluable. His Czech was not as good as his German, but it was very good, his memos and legal briefs were outstanding in their logic and lucidity, and he was an excellent draftsman, capable of drawing a worker’s gruesome injury as well as the complicated machinery that had caused it. He was so indispensable that even when World War I broke out and he wanted badly to enlist, his employers arranged for a deferment.

Self-doubt and perfectionism, so closely but unhappily related, are common writerly characteristics, and both bedeviled Kafka to an excruciating degree. He had taken the position at the institute because it gave him time to write in the afternoons and evenings, but apparently he was incapable of doing anything with less than his full abilities—which, since he would have preferred to have no job at all, was highly counterproductive. As Reiner Stach writes:

He never left the only medium in which he could breathe: language. He longed for clarity and precision in every situation; the texts he wrote on behalf of the institute are ample proof of this…. It was not distractions, being forced to emerge from an overpowering inner intensity for hours at a time, that tormented him…. What tormented him was the endeavor to come up with the most precise linguistic expression for trivial matters. This misuse of his talent was a true act of prostitution…. Every effort of language spent on his official documents seemed to him a loss that could never be recovered.

Painful as this misuse undoubtedly was, we can’t feel, from our vantage, that it was a total loss. In his effort to extract compensation from employers for injured workers (this was at a time when insurance was supposed to help people) he was constantly required to exercise the clarity and precision that make his fiction gleam.

Published in 1914, the story “In the Penal Colony” is hectic—an almost recklessly satirical and sickening (and to me utterly hilarious) picture of sadism proudly rationalized as justice. It is also among other things a critique of colonialism, an echo of the Dreyfus Affair, and a catalog of types and stages of complicity. The relationships of the characters to the reader and to each other keep altering, disclosing new, proliferating contingencies. Although the story obviously contains traces both of Kafka’s salaried life and of world events, its topical features have been distilled—purified of strictly local associations, absorbed into the condensed core, essentialized and timeless. Surely we can thank Kafka’s familiarity with industrial malfunctions and predictably spurious defenses of dangerous working conditions for the grotesque and preposterous machine at the story’s center, which is programmed to encode, with spikes, inscrutable scriptural corrective justice on a prisoner’s body.

It has been said of “In the Penal Colony” that Kafka anticipated the future. I doubt he envisioned the potential catastrophes of the digital world, and I hope he did not envision the murder of his little sisters, some twenty years after his own painful death from tuberculosis—one in Auschwitz and two in Chelmno. Not that there’s a hard and fast line—or really any line at all—between present and future, but it’s more remarkable to me that he saw his own present; he saw what was there to be seen. Even more remarkably, he could convey what he saw.

It would be hard not to notice that the two centenary exhibitions now at the Morgan—one celebrating a Jewish man and the other Belle da Costa Greene, a Black woman, both celebrating literary history as well as literature itself—happen to have coincided with the 2024 presidential election in the United States. That was a ringing endorsement—if not ringing in numbers, ringing in stark practical consequences—of the intensifying enthusiasm for philistinism, anti-intellectualism, ignorance, intolerance, racism, xenophobia, vengefulness, antisemitism, misogyny, violence, and outright triumphal sadism that is casting its chilling shadow over our days. This is a background against which Kafka’s life and writing have a special, disturbing luster.

It’s also a background against which the show’s aim of demonstrating the astonishing reach of Kafka’s influence has an almost desperate poignancy. I’m still scratching my head over its final section, “Making of an Icon,” which includes many surprising things that have been engendered by his writing. An endearing characteristic of Kafka was that he didn’t care whether something fell into the category of high art or popular art; he liked what he liked. So it’s very possible that he would have been delighted, who’s to say, or selectively delighted, to find himself the subject of all sorts of cultural products, including comic books, children’s books, merch, what have you. The show even includes an architectural model for an apartment building in Barcelona, the architect Ricardo Bofill’s visualization of the Castle—a thing that, like an ungeheuren Ungeziefer, cannot be visualized.

The final item in the exhibit is Andy Warhol’s remarkable silkscreen print, based on the photo from which Felice Bauer was eliminated, from his 1980 series “Ten Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century.” It’s beautiful and irrefutably Iconic. Warhol’s subtle tinkerings relieve Kafka of all emotional and psychological distress, and present us with a rather shy and very attractive young man.

But who is this Kafka? Where are Roth’s “enormous fears” and “enormous control”? Where is the sense—to me fundamental to Kafka’s writing—that our species isn’t well suited for the medium of life, that we don’t know how to properly inhabit it, that there’s some colossal misunderstanding at the very heart of our being, and that our lot is the unremitting, losing struggle to figure it all out?

Oh, well. It’s great to know, in this time of darkness, that Kafka has been freed from the sterile position of highbrow idol and now is recognized as one of the great influencers; that after the many adversities (including death) he endured, after the constant exhausting efforts devoted to articulating his intense, fiercely focused, visionary inner life, things have finally worked out for him.


Deborah Eisenberg has written five collections of short fiction, the latest of which is Your Duck Is My Duck. (February 2025)

More by Deborah Eisenberg

* Virtuosos of Self-Deception, November 2, 2023 issue
Elsa Morante’s Lies and Sorcery, originally published in 1948, is a slippery, feverish, dreamlike book that refuses to adapt to the conventions of what a novel ought to be.
* Their Glorious Façades, September 22, 2022 issue
Gavin Lambert’s novel The Goodby People captures the serious disorientation of 1960s Los Angeles.
* Condemned to Life, July 21, 2022 issue
The austerely drawn world of Jacqueline Harpman’s novel I Who Have Never Known Men provides a richly allusive consideration of human life.


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讀卡夫卡的《蛻變》有感 ---- Marc Barham
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許多所謂的「詮釋」或「文學批評」論述中,原作者的意旨往往不是重點;詮釋者或批評者的主旨其實在「借他人酒杯,澆自己塊壘」。開欄文「前言」和它第2.1小節後半部的評論基於這個觀察。

下文作者把卡夫卡這篇名著和「資本主義」掛勾,就是以上所說現象的範例。卡夫卡作品的主題並非批判「資本主義」或相關社會現實。他以自己的夢境為素材;而其夢境主要在反映「人的『存在』情況」。「社會現實」固然是構成「人『存在』情況」的一部份,但它並非主要因素。希望以後能擠出時間詳談這個議題。

一般而言,不論在什麼制度或政體下,絕大多數人的「存在情況」都是不如意的,或者說,都是我們產生焦慮夢境乃至於噩夢的根源。「資本主義」只不過使這些「夢境」更可怕和更頻繁而已。換句話說,以卡夫卡獨特的多愁善感,不論他生長在那個時代或那個文化,他都會寫出類似的作品。

《蛻變》有金溟若先生的中譯本(《蛻變》,台北志文出版社)。該書並包含卡夫卡其他膾炙人口的中、短篇小說;如《巢穴》和《流刑地》等。

Metamorphosis’ (1915) By Franz Kafka

An anxiety dream of modernity and 20th-century industrial capitalism?

Marc Barham, 10/18/25

“As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.” ― Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis

It was time for me to reread Metamorphosis by the inimitable Franz Kafka. His tale was still as fresh, focused, and memorable as when I first read it as a teenager.

During the 1970s, and for nearly three decades after, xenomorphs and other monsters burst onto our screens and into our nightmares under the rubric of a spliced aesthetic form of horror in symbiosis with sci-fi, with films such as Alien, The Thing, Aliens, The Fly, which were all about a transformation in the human body or the human body being turned into a host for a parasite.

Only one of the greatest works of modernism, Metamorphosis (1915), could get close to such a hybrid form in literature. Such sci-fi and horror films have emerged from this modernist tale and the imagination of Franz Kafka.

Gregor Samsa, a hardworking traveling salesman, wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a “monstrous vermin,” which has been generally accepted as being a cockroach.

As the story progresses, Gregor becomes more and more isolated. Gregor’s new appearance creates a huge problem for the family, as he is the main breadwinner. He’s confined to his room, with only occasional visits from his sister Grete to bring him food. He can’t communicate with his family anymore — all they hear are insect noises when he tries to speak.

Kafka wrote The Metamorphosis in the early 20th century, during a time of rapid industrialization and social change, which is mirrored by the deindustrialization of the late 20th century and the inexorable rise of new technology replacing the existing labour force. Kafka’s story can be seen as a critique of the dehumanizing effects of modern life and capitalism, both in his time and in ours. It is this that I suggest connects the modernism of Kafka’s novella with the metamodernism of all the films I have referenced.

In the second decade of the 20th century, Franz Kafka added the final touches to a developing new aesthetic for modernity by gestating such body horror in the mind of man and prepared the way for such cinematic abundance.

Each post-industrial film is, in its essence, a post-industrial anxiety dream made manifest in the alien or artificial conquest of the human mind or body. These are the stories of monstrous nonhuman creations from another world — The Fly being the exception and closest to Kafka’s original idea of an inhuman transformation into an insect — most alien creatures are intent on existing and being the new means of production and productivity. Unfortunately, this will involve the human race in some horrific, visceral, and exploitative way.

Kafka’s work was a story about the existential crisis of a young man, Gregor Samsa, who had turned into an insect. These are the first lines of a short story where the metamorphosis is almost complete as we begin to watch the struggle of complete and irreversible transformation.

A transformation caused by the demands of Capitalism for workers who never stop working. An insect in 1915 was the perfect metaphor. Gregor is the breadwinner in the family and is taken for granted. His transformation gets him noticed at last, and it is this that forces his sister to see the reality of Gregor’s life as an insect.

All he does is work and earn money to keep the family with a roof over its head and some food on the table. There is no time to flourish as an individual, so he must flourish as a cockroach instead. The analogy with an insect is perfect, as one only has to watch a documentary on insects to see the strange similarities.

“If I didn’t have my parents to think about I’d have given in my notice a long time ago, I’d have gone up to the boss and told him just what I think, tell him everything I would, let him know just what I feel. He’d fall right off his desk! And it’s a funny sort of business to be sitting up there at your desk, talking down at your subordinates from up there, especially when you have to go right up close because the boss is hard of hearing.” ― Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis

Yet what happens to those who cannot work and their families? This is Kafka’s anxiety dream for all of us. Gregor is ‘sick’ in Kafka’s modernist anti-capitalist interpretation. He has been made ‘sick’ through constant hard work for bare subsistence rewards, leftovers from the high Capitalist tables of gluttony, greed, and pure gain. Scavengers for subsistence.

“He was a tool of the boss, without brains or backbone.” ― Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis

But there is more in Kaka’s modernist and Freudian transformation. Gregor’s exploitation and relentless dehumanisation have changed his essence into a new existence, from a man into an insect — a giant beetle. His existence is the result of the physical and psychological dehumanisation of exploited workers under Capitalism. They are not surviving but are slowly turning into nameless, faceless creatures in their multitudes — insects such as ants and beetles.

Who looks after the sick and these insects? Family. Not the Boss.

It is his sister, Grete, who looks after him as he can no longer provide for himself. A very touching commitment and a great show of class consciousness and working-class solidarity. Here is another metaphor, but political this time, as the suggestion of socialism and the sharing of duties and responsibilities is displayed. Yet a sense of filial piety and patriarchal authority seems to invade the whole story to the detriment of the individual brother and sister.

Gregor must be fed and cared for. He is not working, so there is no money coming in anymore. The once dependent sister must take up Gregor’s responsibilities now. She does. Female empowerment through the lack of a male breadwinner may well hint at the men fighting at the Front in WWI and the women now pushed into the workplace. There is a combination of the bourgeois and the socialist in Kafka’s multifarious thematic concerns.

Grete, who is tired of taking care of Gregor and realizes the burden his existence puts on each member of the family, tells her parents they must get rid of “it” or they will all be ruined. Gregor, understanding that he is no longer wanted, laboriously makes his way back to his room and dies of starvation before sunrise. Grete has grown up into a pretty young lady with a good figure, and her parents are optimistic about finding her a husband. In the final analysis, bourgeois morality and norms are reinvigorated by the transformation and death of Gregor. How depressingly familiar even today. Not just for young women, but young men anxious about their attractiveness.

Kafka’s story is shocking and does make a political point within its modernist framing, but it could have been more liberating. This short anxiety dream/nightmare of the transformation of people into insects because of the demands of the economic system is a missed opportunity. The ending is itself exploitative as Grete is now fit to be a good wife and take her place as a worthy bourgeois hausfrau. I feel she deserves more, but in 1915, I assume that this is her best and only opportunity to flourish and not become an insect.


Written by Marc Barham

Column @ timetravelnexus.com on iconic books, TV shows/films: Time Travel Peregrinations. Reviewed all episodes of ‘Dark’ @ site. https://linktr.ee/marcbarham64

Published in Counter Arts

The (Counter)Cultural One-Stop for Nonfiction on Medium… incorporating categories for: ‘Art’, ‘Culture’, ‘Equality’, ‘Photography’, ‘Film’, ‘Mental Health’, ‘Music’ and ‘Literature’.

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《卡夫卡選輯》 – 寓言及小品
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下文原來發表於本版2022/12/18;現在將它轉置此欄。造成不便,敬請見諒。 -- 2026/04/20


1
《別費勁了》(Kafka1971a456)

一個大清早,街道乾淨而空曠,我正往車站走去。當我用塔上的大鐘來對錶時,才發現時間比我預計的要晚得多,我得儘快的趕去。我對這個小鎮本來就不太熟,心一急,連路都不認識了。幸虧前面正好有個警察,我跑過去,上氣不接下氣的問路。
他笑著說:「你找我問路?」
「是的,因為我走掉了。」
「別費勁了、別費勁了。」

2    《回家》(Kafka1971a445)

我回來了,穿過拱門,我四處瀏覽了一下。這是我父親的舊庭院,中間有個泥巴坑。舊的、用不到的工具堆在一起,擋住了到閣樓的路。一隻貓在樓梯的欄杆後虎視耽耽。一塊大概是小孩在遊戲中紮在棍子上的破布,隨風飄蕩著。我到家了,誰會來接待我呢?是誰在廚房門的後面等著?炊煙裊裊,可能有人在燒晚飯用的咖啡吧。你覺得你屬於這兒嗎?你感到家的溫暖嗎?我四顧茫然,不知何去何從。這的確是我父親的家。但每樣東西,冷冷的站在那兒,好像自顧不暇。我忘掉了它們大部份的用場,有些我壓根兒就不知道它們為什麼在這裏。雖然我是我父親 -- 那位老農夫 -- 的兒子,但我對它們有什麼用?我對它們來說,又算什麼?我不敢敲廚房的門,我只能站在一段距離外傾聽,我只能站在一段距離外傾聽但我站得筆直,所以我不會出其不意的、被人當個偷雞摸狗的抓到。因為我只是在一段距離外傾聽,我什麼也沒有聽到。只聽到從兒時傳來的一陣輕微時鐘聲。或許我只是以為自己聽到了這時鐘聲吧。廚房裏的活動,是屋子裏的人的祕密,一個他們要瞞住我的祕密。一個人越是在門口猶豫,他越是覺得與世隔絕。如果現在有人打開門,問我從那裏來,它會導致什麼狀況呢?我會不會張惶失措的像個鬼鬼祟祟的人?

3 《論寓言》(Kafka1971b457)

很多人抱怨,古聖先賢說的話通通都是寓言,在日常生活中沒有什麼用。但一般人過的卻是日常的生活。當古聖先賢說:「到那邊去」,他並不是真有個地方要我們去。如果是個值得去的地方,他不說我們也會去。他指的是個世外桃源,一個我們不知道在那裏的地方,一個他也說不出個所以然的地方。所以他的話對我們沒有什麼用。

這些寓言真正想告訴我們的是:「不可理解的,是無法理解的」。但我們早就知道這個道理了。

然而我們在日常生活中兢兢業業的鑽營,卻是實實在在的事。

關於這一點,有人曾說過:「為什麼要把聖賢的話當耳邊風呢?只要你真的照著這些寓言去做,你就成了一個寓言。那你就不必為生活忙碌了」。
另外一個人說:「我敢打賭這也是個寓言」。
第一個人說:「你贏了」。
第二個人說:「可惜我只是在寓言中贏了」。
第一個人說:「不,在現實生活中你贏了。在寓言中你可是輸了」。

4 《普羅米修斯》(Kafka1971b432)

有四個關於普羅米修斯的傳說。

根據第一個傳說,他透露了神的秘密給人類,所以神把他釘在高加索山上一座大岩石上。神又派了許多老鷹去啄食他那不斷復原的肝。

根據第二個傳說,普羅米修斯因為受不了鷹嘴撕裂的折磨,身體緊貼著岩石往下擠縮。最後他和岩石合而為一了。

根據第三個傳說,他的背逆行為已被遺忘。神忘了,老鷹們忘了,他自己也忘了。

根據第四個傳說,大家對這件無聊的事感到厭煩。神覺得索然無味、老鷹也覺得索然無味,他的傷口也索然無味的合上了。只有那謎一樣的大石頭還在那兒。

傳說想解釋這個謎。它雖然出於事實,但最後卻變成了不可解的謎。

5 《在電車上》(Kafka1971b388)

我站在電車後門。我對自己在這個世上、在這個小鎮、在家裏的地位,一點把握也沒有。我也想不出我有朝任何一個方向去的權利。我甚至一點也說不出我為什麼站在這裏、拉著吊環、讓車子帶著我走。我也說不出為什麼人們讓路給電車,在路上安閒的遊蕩,或站在那裏,瞪著商店的櫥窗。這和沒有人質問我「憑什麼」(問這些)並不相干。

電車快進站了,一個女孩走過來,站在台階旁邊準備下車。她站在我面前,讓我一覽無遺,就像我的手摸遍了她全身一樣。她穿著黑色的衣服,裙摺直直的垂著,一動也不動。緊緊的上衣領口上,有精巧的白色花邊。她左手平平的貼著車廂,右手裏的雨傘,不經意的擱在第二個踏板上。她有棕色的臉和圓圓胖胖的鼻尖,鼻子的形狀,像被人揪過一樣。她滿頭棕髮,一根秀長的髮絲搭在右額上。她的耳朵很小,但因為我站得靠她很近,我可以看到她右耳骨的起伏盤旋和耳垂下的陰影。

這時我不禁自問:「為什麼她不覺得自己姿色出眾?為什麼她能默默的站在那裏,不說些自我陶醉的話?」

6 《在看台上》(Kafka1971b401)  

如果一個瘦小、病容滿面的女騎師,在一個粗暴的、揮著鞭子的馬戲班班主叱喝下,幾個月來,在不斷起伏的馬背上奔波不停百看不厭的觀眾,隨著馬兒的奔馳,對她吆喝飛吻如果這表演,在樂隊不停的演奏聲,抽風機不停的嗡嗡聲,加上時大時小、實際上是鐵錘的喝采聲中,持續到一個悲慘的未來那麼一個在高高看台上的年青人,也許會衝下長長階梯,通過鬼吼鬼叫的觀眾,跑上戲台,在樂隊號角齊鳴的聲勢下喊道:「停下來!」

事實並非如此。當洋洋自得的雜役掀起幕幃,一個穿著粉紅色和白色相間衣衫的可愛女郎,飛躍到戲台上。馬戲班班主,恭順的隨著她的眼神靠近她,口裏喃喃的說些恭維的話。他小心翼翼的把她舉起來,扶上五彩繽紛的馬背就像她是他最寶貴的孫女兒,要走向一個危險的旅途一樣。他遲遲不肯揮鞭打出信號,最後終於鼓足勇氣,抽了一鞭。馬戲班班主張大了嘴,隨著馬兒團團轉,目不轉睛的看著女郎的起落,用英文叮嚀她小心。在他心目中,她的騎術真是天下無雙。他大聲的叱喝著馬童,要他聚精會神的拉著馬韁。在壓軸戲的空中翻身前,班主舉起手,示意樂隊安靜下來。最後他把嬌小的女郎,從抖動著的馬背上扶下來,親親她的兩頰。他認為觀眾興高彩烈的喝采,一點都不夠熱絡。女騎師在他的扶持下,顛起腳尖,在灰塵迷漫中張開兩臂、仰著頭要觀眾和她分享她的榮耀。事實如此那看台上的年青人,把頭靠在欄杆上,像做夢一樣的沉浸在最後繞場一週的行列,不知不覺的哭了起來。

7 《傳令兵》(Kafka1979185)

他們可以在當國王,或當國王的傳令兵之間,選一個角色。照小孩子們的心態,大家都要當傳令兵。因此,我們只看到很多傳令兵,在世界上跑來跑去,互相叫喊著空洞的號令(因為沒有發號司令的國王)。這些傳令兵曾經發過誓,要盡忠職守,至死不渝。所以他們雖然想,但卻不敢拋棄這種苦日子。

8 《對罪、痛苦、希望和正道的沈思》(Kafka1979236 - 241)

1.

走正道的人,要跨過一條拉得並不很高,只是稍稍離開地面的繩子。繩子的目的,好像是要絆倒過路的人,而不是讓路人踩過它。

10.

人在青少年時期,取得知識的第一個指標,是求死的欲望。我們在這個世上,似乎活不下去,但又找不到其它的生活方式。人不再以想死為恥。人祈禱自己能從痛恨的舊牢房,換到一間他還沒有開始痛恨的新牢房。我們可以從這樣的祈禱中,看出信仰的遺跡。也許在這個轉換牢房的過程中,上帝正好經過監獄的走廊,他可憐的看著這個囚犯,說道:「你們不要再關他了,讓他跟我來吧。」

15

鳥籠在找鳥。

26.

和魔鬼打過交道後,你想出來狡辯的理由,不是你自己的而是魔鬼的。

動物從主人手中,搶過鞭子來抽打自己,想因此而搖身一變,成為主人。它不知道這只是主人鞭子上一個新打的結,剛剛抽在它身上時所造成的幻想。

52.

宇宙中只有精神的世界。我們所謂的物質世界,只是精神世界中的邪惡。我們所謂的邪惡,只是在我們永無止境的發展過程中,一個必經的階段。

在強烈刺眼的光線下,我們可以看到世界在消失。在柔弱的眼睛中,世界變成實在。在更柔弱的眼睛中,它看起來像一個拳頭。在更加柔弱的眼睛中,世界感到羞恥而吞食膽敢看著它的人。

98.

我們也必須承受在我們四周的苦難。每個人擁有的不是一個身體,而是一個成長的過程。它帶領著我們,通過各種形式的苦痛。就像小孩要經歷人生的各個階段,直到老年和死亡。(不論我們心懷恐懼或殷殷期盼,下一個階段從上一個階段看起來,都顯得遙遙無期)。我們也要經過這世界上每一種苦難。正義在這個過程中沒有一席之地。但在這個過程中,也沒有害怕、受苦受難、或把受苦受難當做榮耀的餘地。

9 《鄉村醫生》(Kafka1971b220)

我一籌莫展。我該立刻上路,一個垂危的病人,在十里外的村子裏等著我。暴風雪充塞著他和我之間的距離。我有一輛馬車,一輛輕便的兩輪車,正適合在我們鄉下的泥巴路上跑。裹著毛皮大衣、提著醫療袋、我站在院子裏準備出發但我沒有馬,一匹也沒有。我的馬,前一晚在這酷寒的天氣下累死了。我的女佣人,正在村子裏到處替我借馬。但我知道這將徒勞無功。我孤伶伶的站在院子裏,身上的雪越積越厚,我幾乎不能動彈。女佣人形單影隻的出現在大門口、搖著燈籠跟我打招呼。誰會在這個時辰,借馬給我走這麼遠的路呢?我在院子裏又繞了一圈,在心亂如麻,別無指望的情況下,我一腳踢開了一間年久失修,久已不用的豬圈。圈門一前一後的扇動,一股馬味迎面而來。一盞吊在繩子上的燈,在昏暗中搖晃著。一個人蹲在那裏,臉上一對碧眼。他一邊爬起來,一邊問道:「要我上韁嗎?」

我一時啞口無言,低下身去,想看看還有什麼其它的東西在這豬圈裏。
女佣人站在我身邊打趣道:「你永遠想不到,在自己家裏會找到些什麼吧
我們倆人都笑了起來。

馬夫高聲打著招呼:「嗨!你好!嗨!你好!」
兩匹雄壯的馬,用後腿硬從馬廄的小門中,先後擠出來。馬腿緊靠著,像駱駝一般低著漂亮的馬頭。一旦出來後,它們立刻站了起來,馬腿很長,全身蒸發著汗。
我說道:「幫我替它們上韁吧」。
女僕很勤快的想幫馬夫打點韁繩,她還沒走到馬夫身邊,馬夫就一把抱住她,將自己的臉貼上去。她尖叫著逃到我身邊,額上印了兩排紅紅的牙齒印。
「你這個混蛋,欠揍嗎」?我憤怒的叱罵道。
但我同時想到,他是個陌生人,我不知道他是何方神聖。當別人都不理我時,他卻自動的幫忙。他好像洞察我的心意,對我的威嚇並不在意,自顧自的忙著把車子駕在馬上。他回頭看了我一眼,說道:「上車吧!」
的確是萬事俱備。我從來沒有駕馭過這樣一對雄赳赳的好馬,我高高興興的爬上車。
我說:「我來駕車吧,你不知道路。」
「請便吧」,他回答道:「我不會跟你走,我要留下來陪玫瑰。」
「不!」玫瑰尖叫著,立刻往屋子裏跑,知道自己今晚逃不過這人的魔掌。
我聽到她悉悉索索上門柵的聲音,聽到她用鑰匙上鎖的聲音,我還看到她在逃到房間深處時,一路上把燈光一一熄滅,以免自己被找到。
我對馬夫說:「你得跟我來,不然我就不走了。雖然我急著上路,但我不會把這個女孩給你做代價。」
「滾你的蛋吧!」
他拍拍手,馬車就像洪水中的木頭般滑開了。

剛聽到房門被馬夫撞破,我馬上就被一陣風雪打得又聾又瞎。只不過一剎那的時間,病人的農場,就像在我院子大門外似的出現了。兩匹馬靜靜的站在那兒,暴風雪也歇了,四週全是月光。病人的父母從房裏跑出來,他的姐姐緊跟著兩老。我幾乎是從馬車上被捧下來。他們七嘴八舌,嘰嘰喳喳的叫嚷著,我一句也聽不懂。病房中的空氣差點沒把我給悶死。沒人照料的爐子,冒著濃煙。我本想把窗子打開,但我得先看看我的病人。一個骨瘦如柴、沒有發燒、不冷不熱、兩眼茫然無神、打著赤膊的小孩從鵝毛被下爬起來。

他抱著我的脖子,悄悄的跟我說:「大夫,讓我死吧!」
我瞧了房子一眼,似乎沒人聽到他的話。他父母欠著身子等我宣判。他姐姐把我的醫療袋,放在一張椅子上。我打開袋子,找出一些儀器。小男孩緊緊的抓著我的手,求我讓他如願以償。我拿起一對鑷子,在燭光下看了看,又放下它。
我氣呼呼的想著:「是的,在這種情況下,老天是很幫忙的,送了一匹馬來給我。由於情況緊急,又加送一匹。更錦上添花的送個馬夫」。
這時我才又想起玫瑰,我實在是愛莫能助。我能怎麼幫助她呢?我又怎麼能從十里外,用這兩匹不聽使喚的馬,把她從馬夫的淫威下救出來?鬆開了韁繩的兩匹馬,從外面把窗子向裏頂開,不顧屋中人的驚叫聲,伸進頭來看著病人。
我暗自想到:「趕快回去吧。」
似乎這兩匹馬在招呼我回去一樣。可是我卻讓病童的姐姐,脫下我的毛皮大衣她大概怕是我被熱昏了頭。兩老還倒了杯甜酒給我,老頭兒拍拍我的肩膀,好像他讓我分享他的寶藏,我們就熱絡起來了。在他這種小家子氣想法的籠罩下,我有點頭暈,這是我謝絕了這杯酒的唯一原因。病人的媽站在床邊,求我開始看病。我順了她的意,就在一匹馬引頸嘶鳴時,我把頭枕在男孩的胸口,開始聽診。我可以感覺到小男孩在我潮濕的鬍鬚下發抖。

證實了我早先的想法,這男孩是蠻健康的。他的血液循環有點不對勁,大概是他充滿焦慮的母親,灌給他咖啡造成的。但他的確蠻健康。最好的治法,是把他從床上一把揪起來。但我不是個改善世界的人,就讓他去死吧。我是這區域唯一的醫生,我可以說善盡職守,幾乎到了過份的的步。我的薪水低得不成話說,但我很大方,對窮人也很照顧。我仍得趕回去,看看玫瑰是不是沒事兒。也許這就成全了病童的希望,我自己也想死呢。我在這一年到頭都是冬天的鬼地方,混個什麼勁兒!我的馬死了,全村沒有一個人肯借匹馬給我。我得從豬圈中找馬。如果它們不正好是兩匹馬的話,我豈不是要坐著豬車來看病人?就是這碼子事。

我跟這家人點點頭,他們還不知道我的主意。即使他們知道了,恐怕也不會相信。開方子很容易,要了解人可就難多了。這趟出診,就此打住。又跑了一回冤枉路。這我可是習以為常了。整個區域的人,用夜鈴來折磨我。但是這一次我還得賠上玫瑰。這標緻的女孩,替我工作了這麼多年,我很少在意她。這樣的犧牲,實在是太難能可貴了。我得費盡心思,想出個理由,離開這家人。他們即使好心好意,也不能讓玫瑰復生。就在我關上醫療袋、準備拿起大衣時 -- 他們一家人站在一塊兒,孩子的爹聞著手中甜酒的氣味,孩子的娘對我顯然很失望 -- 唉,他們以為我有什麼神通?孩子的姐姐咬著嘴唇、淚水在眼眶中打轉,還捧著條沾滿了血的毛巾。

我忽然覺得,這小男孩也許真的有點問題。我朝他走過去,他笑容滿面的歡迎我,好像我拿著大力保還湯似的。啊,這兩匹死馬又一起嘶叫著。我想這鬧哄哄的聲音,也許是老天在傳令,要大家幫我看病吧。這次我發現病人還真的不對勁。他右邊屁股上,有個和我巴掌一般大的傷口,看起來像玫瑰般的暗紅色。顏色深淺不一,傷口中心比較暗,靠邊的地方比較淺。各種形狀的軟疤,像在陽光下的礦石一般,這是從遠處看的景象。但我仔細一看,才發現還有更可怕的情況。我驚訝到禁不住噓了一口氣。許多和我小指一般粗、一般長的小蟲,白色的頭,玫瑰般暗紅色的身體,血跡斑斑的蠕動著,用它們的小腳,由傷口搶著冒出來。可憐的小鬼,你是病入膏肓了。我找到了你的傷口,你身上這朵紅花,正在要你的命。他的家人現在滿意了。他們看見我忙東忙西,姐姐告訴媽媽,媽媽告訴爸爸,爸爸告訴幾個正向門裏走來的客人。他們在月光下正從敞開的門踮著腳走進來,一面還伸開兩臂來保持平衡。

「你肯救我嗎?」小男孩輕輕的哭著問道。他一點沒有看到他傷口中的小蟲。

這就是我四週的人,他們總認為醫生無所不能。他們失去了對老天的信仰,牧師坐在家裏無所事事,醫生卻該用他仁慈的雙手起死回生。讓他們去做白日夢吧,我並沒有強迫他們找我看病。如果他們誤以為我無所不能,也只有由他們去了。我還有什麼奢求呢?我不過是個老朽的鄉村醫生,在為自己的女佣心煩。他們衝著我來了。病人的家屬,村子裏的長老,他們脫掉我的衣服。老師帶著學校的合唱團,在房子前用單調的聲音唱著:

「剝掉他的衣服,他就會治好我們!
如果他治不好,把他弄死!
只是個醫生,只是個醫生。」

我的衣服被剝掉了。我一聲不響的看著他們,摸摸自己的鬍子,頭歪在一邊。我一直保持冷靜的態度,看他們要搞些什麼。但這卻無濟於事,他們把我連頭帶腳的抬起來放到床上。他們把我放在牆邊,緊靠著病人的傷口,然後都退了出去。房門關著,歌聲停止、烏雲蓋月。我身邊的被子很暖和,馬頭在窗檯上,像影子般搖晃著。

「你知道嗎?」我耳邊一個聲音說道:「我對你一點信心也沒有。哼,你像風一樣的飄進來,你沒有自己走進來。不但沒有幫助我,反而擠在我臨死的床上。我現在只想把你的眼珠挖出來。」
「你說得對,真不好意思,我是個醫生,但我幫不上忙。你要知道,我也並不好過。」「難道我該接受你的道歉?唉,看來也只有這樣了。我一直都在逆來順受,我帶到世上來的,就是這個好瘡疤。這是我唯一的寶貝。」
我說道:「小朋友,你錯在沒什麼見識。我到的病家很多,可說無遠弗屆。我可以告訴你,你的傷並不是那樣嚴重,兩斧頭我就可以把你治好。許多人伸出屁股,在森林中根本聽不到斧頭的聲音,更想不到會砍在自己身上。」
「真的?你不是在我發高燒時,跟我瞎扯談吧?」
「當然是真的!你可以相信我這個公立醫生是不會信口開河的。」

聽了我的話,他靜靜的躺在那兒。這是我該設法脫身的時候了。兩匹馬乖乖的站在原地。我很快的把衣服、毛皮大衣、和醫療袋打包,我不想在穿衣服上浪費時間。如果馬兒和來的時候一樣快的跑回去,我幾乎可以從這個床跳回自己的床。一匹馬順從的從窗口退出。我把包裹扔到車上,毛皮大衣丟歪了,袖子纏在一個鉤子上。我想該沒問題。我跳上馬背,馬韁鬆散的垂在後面,第二匹馬拴在第一匹馬後,馬車跟在第二匹馬後晃蕩著,最後是我的毛皮大衣拖在雪地上。我吆喝了一聲,但馬兒並沒有奔馳。我們像個老頭兒似的,遲緩的在雪野中踟躊前進。我隱隱約約的聽到孩子們在後面的歌聲:

「開心吧,病人們!醫生和你同在」!

這種速度下,我是到不了家的。我興隆的業務就此結束。接我位子的人,想搶走我的生意,但這是辦不到的,他不可能代替我。那可惡的馬夫,在我家作威作福,玫瑰是他的禁臠。我還是別為這件事傷腦筋吧。赤身裸體的在冰天雪地裏,一輛破車,兩匹神駒。像我這樣的老頭,又想歪了。我的毛皮大衣吊在車子後,我卻夠不著。我雖有一大群病患,卻沒人理我。被遺棄了,被遺棄了!一旦回答了夜鈴傳來的虛驚,我就被坑了。再也翻不了身。

(原文一氣呵成並未分段我加以分隔以便於閱讀。)

10 《落落寡歡》(Kafka1971b390)

一個十一月的傍晚,在悶得透不過氣來的情況下,我沿著房間裏一條狹長的地氈,像在操場上一樣的跑著。躲開燈光鮮明的路景,回到房間裏。在鏡子的深處,我看到另一個人像,我大聲的尖叫著,既沒有人撘腔,也沒有可以疏導這叫聲的力量,我只聽到自己的尖叫,越來越高,無法掩蓋。當它高到我已聽不見時,它還是停不下來。門沖著我打開,開得飛快,因為就是要快。甚至在樓下路面上的馬車,也飛躍著騰空而起。馬兒像是在戰場上被鞭笞著的戰馬一樣,引頸衝馳。

一個孩子,像鬼魅般從還沒上燈的漆黑走廊裏,飄進我的房間,她踮起腳,站在一塊微微晃動著的地板上。房裏的夕暉,一下子刺著她的眼睛,她很快的舉起雙手,作勢要遮住臉,但她看了窗檯一眼,就意外的靜下來。路燈的蒸氣,終於在窗戶的暗影下,凝結在玻璃上。她用右肘撐在敞著的門上,讓涼風吹襲著她的腳踝、她的喉頭、她的額頭。我打量了她一眼,然後打個招呼:「你好。」

我不想衣衫不整的站在那兒,就拿下在爐子掛鈎上的外衣穿起來。我半張著嘴巴,讓我的焦燥不安,有個宣洩的途徑。嘴巴發乾、眨著眼毛,雖然她的出現在我意料之外,這個造訪卻是必需的。小孩仍站在牆邊原來的地方,右手貼著牆壁。當她發現粗糙的白粉牆,刮破了她的手指頭時,氣得臉都紅了。

我問道:「你真的要找我嗎?你有沒有搞錯?在這樣大的一棟樓裏,找錯人是再容易不過的。我叫李四,住在三樓,你真的要找我?」
小孩側過臉說:「噓、噓、別緊張。」
「那請你往裏挪一挪,我想把門關上。」
「我剛關上門,別煩了,放輕鬆點吧。」
「那倒不是,只是很多人住在這層樓,我都認識。大多數人現在都下班回來了,如果聽到有人講話,他們會自以為有權利把門打開,看看是怎麼回事兒。這些人就是這副德性。他們做完了一天的工,傍晚是自由自在的時候,他們是不會聽人差遣的。其實你也知道他們的行徑,還是讓我關上門吧!」
「哼!你有病?即使整棟樓的人都進來,我也不在乎。我告訴你,我已經關上門,你以為只有你會關門?我還上了鎖呢。」
「這就得了,也沒什麼大事兒,用不著上鎖的。既然你來了,就請隨意坐坐吧。你是我的客人,你可以完全信賴我,請把這兒當做自己的家。別害怕,我既不會勉強你留下來,也不會趕你走。我用得著這樣嘮叨?你這樣不了解我?」
「不,你用不著告訴我這些,其實你不必這樣嘮叨,我只是個小孩,你何必裝腔作勢呢?」
「我倒不是在裝腔作勢,你當然是個小孩,但你也不是那麼小。我看你蠻大的,如果你是個少女,你不至於膽敢這樣稀鬆平常的把自己反鎖在我房裏。」
「我倒不在乎,我只想告訴你,這麼了解你並不能保護我,只能讓你不必故作姿態。可是你卻在恭維我,別費事了,求求你,真的別假腥腥了。不過我也不是撤頭撤尾的了解你,尤其在這黑暗中。如果你打開燈,我會覺得好過得多。不,還是別開燈吧,總之,我會記得你恐嚇過我。」
「天啊!我算恐嚇過你?算了,別提這些了。我真的很高興你終於來了。我說『終於』,是因為現在已很晚了,我想不通你為什麼現在才來,在看到你的喜悅中,我也許胡扯了些什麼,讓你把話給聽反了。我承認我一定語無倫次過,我一定說過些恐嚇你的話,隨便你愛怎麼說就怎麼說吧。但別鬥嘴,千萬別鬥嘴。但你為什麼會認為我恐嚇了你呢?你怎麼會這樣讓我傷心?為什麼你要破壞在這兒一剎那的氣氛?一個不相干的人都會比你更體諒。」
「你說的我都相信。那也不是什麼高論。沒有任何人比我天生的和你更投契,這些你都知道,又何必危言聳聽呢?如果你想扮演一齣鬧劇,我可是要掉頭而去了。」
「哼,你可是大言炎炎,你也未免太兇巴巴了點吧?你要弄清楚,你可是在我房間裏,你的手指頭是在我的牆上磨得不成話說。我的房間,我的白粉牆。再說,你不但目中無人,簡直荒謬透頂。你說你的性情,迫使你這樣對我說話?你有沒有搞錯?你的性情逼迫你?這倒有幾分像你的性情。你的性情是我的,如果我天生的對你友善,你一定是我了。」
「這算友善嗎?」
「我是說一開始的時候。」
「你知道我以後會變?」
「我什麼也不知道。」

說完話,我走到床頭,點亮茶几上的蠟燭,那時我房裏還沒有煤氣燈或電燈。我在茶几旁坐到有點疲倦,我穿上大衣、拿起帽子、吹熄了蠟燭。出門時被椅子腳絆了一跤。
在樓梯口我遇到同一層樓的鄰居。
「又要出去?你這個混球。」他兩腳一上一下,穩穩的站在階梯上。
「有什麼辦法?」我回答道:「我剛在房裏見了個鬼。」
「你提起這事來,就像你在湯裏找到根頭髮一樣。」

「你當我在開玩笑,老實告訴你吧,鬼就是鬼。」
「那倒是真的,但要是碰上不相信鬼的人呢?」
「你以為我真的相信有鬼嗎?但碰到鬼和我信不信鬼有什麼相干?」
「很簡單,要是真的見了鬼,你不必害怕。」
「怕鬼倒不重要,真正讓人怕的是為什麼會見鬼。這個懼怕是不會消失的。它已牢牢的附在我身上了。」我緊張得開始神經兮兮的翻著口袋。
「但你既不怕鬼,你可以簡單的問問他為什麼會出現。」
「你顯然沒有跟鬼說過話。沒有人能從他們那兒,得到一個直接了當的答案。講來講去都是些癲三倒四的鬼話。鬼對於自己的存在,好像比我們更摸不清楚,不過如果你想到他們是輕飄飄的話,這就不足為奇了。」
「我聽說你可以把它們養胖些。」
「你倒是見多識廣,這是真的,但誰會幹這種事呢?」
「為什麼不會,比方它是個餓死鬼的話?」說著他就上樓了。
「有道理,但恐怕划不來。」
我想到一件事,我的鄰居已上了一段樓梯,聽到我的聲音,他得彎下腰來,倒過樓梯口才看得到我。
我喊道:「不管怎麼說,如果你偷了我的鬼,我可要跟你一刀兩斷。」
「喔,我只是在開玩笑。」他說著把頭伸回去。
「沒事兒。」

我本來可以靜靜的出去散個步,但我覺得有點彆扭,寧可上樓回房間。我就上床了。

後記:

這篇翻譯原載《中華雜誌》季刊,199312月號(《卡夫卡簡介》第3 1 -10小節)。我對舊譯的文字和標點符號上做了些修正,給了個新標題。舊譯的第11小節則改以卡夫卡《城堡》第1》為題發表(本欄2篇)。

卡夫卡作品的特色在這10中都有了(請參考本欄開欄文2)。讀者可以慢慢玩味並請就我的翻譯文字賜教。 -- 202212

參考書籍:

Kafka, F. 1971a, T. Stern/J. Stern 英譯, Franz. Kafka - The Complete Stories, Schocken Books, New York
Kafka, F. 1971b, W. Muir/E. Muir 英譯, Franz. Kafka - The Complete Stories, Schocken Books, New York
Kafka, F. 1979, The Basic Kafka, Pocket Books, New York

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文原來發表於本版2022/12/18;現在將它轉置此欄。造成不便,敬請見諒。 -- 2026/04/20


當卡到達時,天已很晚了。大雪覆蓋著村子,山坡上的城堡隱藏在霧氣和夜色中,連可能顯示有座城堡的燈光都看不到。卡在從大路分叉到村子的木橋上,站了好一會兒,遙望著高高在上,夢幻一般的空寂。

他開始找尋住宿的地方。客棧裏仍很熱鬧,店東雖然沒有空房,而且對他這不速之客有點光火,他還是同意讓卡在大廳裏打個地舖,卡只有將就了。幾個莊稼漢仍坐在大廳裏喝啤酒,但卡沒有聊天的興趣。他從閣樓拖了一袋稻草下來,把自己安頓在火爐邊。這是一個溫暖的角落,附近的人很安靜,他矇矓的望了他們幾眼後,很快的就進入了夢鄉。

但沒過多久,他就被叫醒了。一個穿著像城裏人的青年和店東站在他身邊。年青人看起來像個演員,兩眼細長,眉毛畫得很濃。莊稼漢們還沒離開,有幾個人把椅子轉過來,想看個和聽個清楚。年青人很禮貌的為叫醒卡而道歉,他先自我介紹,說他是城堡一個官員的兒子,然後說道:「這村子是城堡的,因此凡是住在這兒或在這兒過夜的,都可說等於住在城堡裏。這可得有堡主的許可才行,你沒有許可證,至少你還沒拿出許可證。」
卡撐起半個身子,他一邊整理頭髮,一邊抬頭望著兩人。
「我晃進來的到底是個什麼村子?這附近有個城堡嗎?」
年青人慢條斯里的說道:「當然有。」 -- 這時已有人對卡的說法,不以為然的搖著頭 「我們的領主西西侯爺的城堡。」
卡問道:「我非得有個許可證,才能睡在這兒?」好像他想弄清楚,他剛剛聽到的不是在做夢。
答案是你必須有「許可證」。

年青人攤開手向四週的人問道:「你們說是不是非得有張許可證?」他一副半諷刺、半輕蔑的樣子。
「既然這樣,我只好去要張許可證了。」卡一邊說一邊推開了毯子,好像他要站起來的樣子。
「請問你想到那裏去要許可證?」年青人說。
「當然是從侯爺那兒這是唯一可行之道。」
年青人退後了半步喊道:「三更半夜裏去向侯爺要許可證?」
卡冷冷的說:「這難道不可能嗎?那你吵醒我幹什麼?」
聽了卡的話,年青人勃然大怒的吼道:「你別在這兒耍嘴皮子了,我要你尊重侯爺的權威。我叫醒你是要你立刻滾出這個村子。」
卡故意用平淡的語調說:「你鬧夠了吧!」他躺下去拉起毯子。「你是太過份了點,大爺!明天我可要報告你的行徑,必要的話,店東和這兒其它的客人們,都可做我的證人。老實跟你說吧,我是侯爺在等著的土地勘測師。我的助手們,明天會搭車帶測量器具來,我想藉這個機會,在雪地中遛噠遛噠,但我走掉了好幾次,因此我到的很晚。來不及到城堡去報到 -- 早在你自以為是的告訴我以前,我就對城堡很熟悉了 -- 這就是我為什麼將就在這裏過夜的原因。不客氣的說,你竟冒昧的吵醒我,我要做的解釋到此為止,朋友們,我要睡了!」說完後,卡轉過身面向火爐。

他聽到背後有人用懷疑的語氣問道:「土地勘測師?」
屋裏一下子靜了下來。但那年青人馬上恢復了他篤定的神態。他放低了聲音,聽得出是不想打攪卡睡覺,但同時聲音又大得讓所有的人都能聽得到。他跟店東說:「我打電話去問個清楚。」
這個客棧裏原來還有電話?他們倒設備得蠻齊全的。這倒讓卡有點意外,但到目前為止,一切倒真在卡的預料之中。事實上,電話正在卡的頭上,只是在瞌睡中他沒有注意到而已。如果年青人一定要用電話,即使他小心翼翼,也非得打擾到卡不可。剩下來唯一的問題,是要不要讓他用電話。他決定由他去!在這種情況下,卡也就用不著裝睡了。因此,他又坐起身子,他看到莊稼漢們在竊竊私議。來了個土地勘測師可不是件小事!廚房門打開了,老板娘龐大的身子,擋住了整個門,店老板正輕輕悄悄的走過去,跟她報告整個狀況。電話接通了,城堡的值星官已睡了,但他的副手,許多副手中的一位費先生在當值。年青人報上自己的名字 -- 「席華子」。然後說他看到卡,一個衣冠不整,三十來歲的人,很沈穩的睡在一袋稻草上,枕個小背包,旁邊還有根帶節的棍子。他直覺的認為卡很可疑,店老板顯然沒有善盡職守,因此席華子認為自己有責任調查一下。他叫醒了這個人,詢問了他的來龍去脈,然後命令他離開侯爺的領域。卡不把他的話當回事,或許他是有點來頭,因為他自稱是侯爺請來的土地勘測師。當然,他說的話,多少必須證實一下。因此,席華子請費先生到中央局去查詢查詢,是不是有位土地勘測師要來?請他立刻回話。
 
當費先生在城堡裏查詢,年青人等著回話這段時間,客棧裏靜悄悄的。卡還是老樣子,連身子都沒有動過,滿不在乎的向前凝視著。席華子的報告,惡意中帶著謹慎。讓他感覺到,城堡中即使是像席這樣的小嘍囉,對於官樣文章都滿在行的。而且他們並不懶散。中央局有個夜班,動作還蠻快的,因為費先生已打電話來了。他的回答顯然非常簡短,席華子馬上掛了電話,很生氣的叫道:「哼!我就知道,根本沒有什麼土地勘測師,一個招搖撞騙的混混!也許比混混更糟!」

卡以為所有的人:席華子、莊稼漢、店老板、老板娘會群起而攻。為了躲避風頭,他鑽到毯子底下。但電話鈴又響了,對卡來說,鈴聲響得很急,他慢慢的伸出頭來。雖然這通電話應該不會涉及卡,但大家都停了下來。席華子再度拿起聽筒,他聽了好一會兒,然後低聲的說:「搞錯了?那真不好意思,課長自己說的?真奇怪,真奇怪,我怎麼跟土地勘測師解釋呢?」

卡豎起了耳朵,城堡證實了他是土地勘測師。對他來說,也許是不利的,這表示城堡對他相當熟悉。卡估計了一下可能發生的狀況,想到未來的挑戰,面上不禁浮起一層微笑。但在另一方面,這對他可能是有利的。如果他的看法不錯,城堡裏的人,低估了他的實力,他將比他所敢想像的,有更多的迴旋餘地,如果他們想用權威來逼他就範,他們就錯了。承認他是個土地勘測師這個權威,只不過讓他起了雞皮疙瘩而已。

卡揮揮手打發掉一臉難為情,向他走過來的席華子。卡也拒絕了老板請他住到房間的好意。他只接受了一張臉盆,一塊肥皂,一條毛巾來盥洗。他甚至不必請大家出去,因為所有的人都側過臉,一哄而散,免得第二天被他認出來。老板熄了燈,四周終於安靜下來,他沈睡到第二天早上。一、兩隻跑來跑去的老鼠,並沒有打攪到他。

第二天上午,店老板說城堡將負擔卡所有的食宿費用。早餐後,卡本來要立刻去村子裏的,但店老板在他周圍,躡手躡腳的走來走去。由於前一晚的行為,卡本來對店老板有點傲慢,但這時覺得過意不去,便請他坐下來聊聊。
「我還沒見過侯爺,他付的工錢還可以吧!像我這樣打老遠來的人,總希望回去時,口袋裏有兩文。」
「你大爺可不用擔這個心,從來沒有人抱怨過上面錢給得不夠。」
「哼,我可不是你們這種畏畏縮縮的人,就是在侯爺面前,我也是直話直說。當然,最好是萬事都順順當當的。」
店老板坐在卡對面窗戶下沙發的扶手上,他不敢和卡平起平坐。他一直用那副焦慮的棕色大眼睛盯著卡。是他先纏著卡的,但現在他卻似乎急著避開卡。是怕卡盤問他侯爺的事?或者他怕被他當做「大爺」的卡,說些褻瀆侯爺的話?卡想分散他的心神,看了看鐘說道:
「我的助手該到了,你有空房間給他們住嗎?」
「當然,不過他們不和你一起住在城堡裏嗎?」
難道店老板竟然願意把到手的客人送出門?尤其是卡,他竟心甘情願的把卡轉讓給城堡?
「我還沒做最後決定,我得先想清楚他們要我做什麼?譬如說他們要我在這兒工作的話,住在這兒會方便些此外,我怕住在城堡裏會不合我的脾氣,我是個喜歡自由自在的人。」
「你對城堡不清楚?」店老板小聲的說。
「當然,我不該有成見,目前我對城堡唯一的了解,只能說他們知道怎麼找個好的土地勘測師,他們也許還有其它的好處。」
店老板一副坐立不安的樣子,因此卡站起身來打算離開。看來,想取得店老板的信任,還真不容易。

卡正要出門,他看到牆上一幅深色的畫像。他坐在火爐邊的沙發上時,就注意到了。不過,他從那段距離看不出個所以然,他以為只是一塊框起來的板子。現在他看出來,那的確是一位五十歲上下男士的半身像。他的頭很靠近胸口,低到連眼睛都快看不到,高高的額頭,把鷹鈎鼻襯托得很沈重。由於低著頭的架式,他的鬍子壓在胸口,向下面伸張開來,他的左手埋在厚厚的頭髮中,但看來好像不能把頭撐起來。
「他是誰?是侯爺嗎?」卡站在人像前問道,沒有面對店老板。
「不!他是城堡的官員。」
「唔,蠻有樣子,可惜他兒子不是個東西。」
「不!你搞錯了。」店老板把卡拉近了一些,悄悄的說:「席華子昨天在吹牛,他父親只是城堡裏一個打雜,而且是地位最低的一類。」店老板像小孩般拍了拍卡的背。
「這個混球!」卡笑著說。
「但他父親還是很有權勢。」店老板一本正經的。
「算了吧!你認為每個人都有權勢,連我在內吧!」
「不!我不認為你有權勢。」店老板畏縮但嚴肅的說。
「你倒是觀察入微,但請你別告訴其他人,我真的是沒什麼權勢。因此,我想我和你一樣,都敬重有權勢的人。不過,我不像你這樣老實,也不願意時時都低聲下氣。」
說完卡拍拍店老板的臉,想逗他開心和打動他的友誼。店老板果然笑了一下,他還很年青,臉上沒有留鬍子,真搞不懂他怎麼會有這個又老又胖的老板娘?老板娘現在正在廚房裏指手劃腳,忙東忙西。卡不想過度勉強老板,也不想嚇走他費了許多勁才引出來的笑容。他打個手勢請老板開門,走進冬天明亮的早晨。

卡現在可以看到在他上面的城堡,耀眼的光輝中,城堡格局分明,它的外形在薄薄的白雪籠罩下顯得份外清晰。山坡上的雪,看起來沒有村子裏的厚。卡覺得走起來,和他昨天在公路上一樣吃力。雪堆積到窗口,然後又從屋簷開始堆著,山坡上似乎一切都輕快的高聳入雲,至少在下面看起來如此。從這個距離看來,城堡和卡所想像的差不多,它既不是一個深溝高壘的城池,也不是一座大廈,只是一堆堆連在一起,不超過兩層樓的破舊住屋。如果不是早知道它是個城堡的話,卡可能會把它當做一個小鎮。就他視野所及,他只看到一座塔。至於它屬於一個教堂或住家,他就搞不清楚了。一群烏鴉繞著塔飛翔。

卡目不轉睛的望著城堡,繼續往前走,除了城堡外,他頭腦裏空空如也。但走近了以後,他對城堡開始失望。看起來它只是一堆住家,一個破破爛爛的小鎮而已。如果說它們有什麼特出的話,只在於它們由石頭修建而成。但泥土早就剝落了,石頭看起來已經開始風化。卡不禁追憶起他的家鄉,比起這個號稱城堡的,它並差不到那裏去。如果只是要撫景思情的話,實在用不著跑這麼遠來,卡只要回家鄉看看就可以了。他在心裏把離開很久的家鄉中教堂的塔樓,和眼前這個比較了一下。家鄉教堂的塔樓,線條分明、筆直的矗立著,斜上去蓋著紅瓦的頂尖部份,相當寬廣,是一幢人世氣很重的建築 -- 人能蓋出其它品味的建築嗎? -- 但它比低微住宅的目標要高,比繁瑣的日常生活要有意義。在他面前的,也是唯一可看到的塔樓,屬於一幢住宅,也許它就是城堡的中心建築。塔樓是圓形的,一邊有常春滕優雅的環繞著,偶而在窗戶上反射著刺眼的陽光,像瘋子的眼神一樣。最上面是個閣樓,它的城垛砌得很不規則。有的已頹廢傾倒,像用一隻小孩顫抖的手、或一隻漫不經心的手設計出來的。在藍天襯托下,它的外形相當清晰。這幢建築就像一個該被關在頂樓有憂鬱狂的瘋子。他從屋頂上衝下來,讓自己呈現在世人的眼光前。

卡再度停下來,好像站定了比較容易觀察似的但他有點迷糊了。在村子的教堂後面,也就是他停下的地方,是個學校。所謂教堂,其實是一間穀倉般的建築,用來容納教友。學校是個長長的矮建築,看起來給人一種年代久遠,但很鄉氣的感覺。學校旁是個有籬笆的花園,現在只是一片白雪。小孩們正從教堂和他們的老師一起出來他們繞著老師,抬頭望著他,嘰嘰喳喳不停的說話。他們講得太快,卡根本聽不出他們在說些什麼。老師是位個子小小的年青人,瘦削的肩膀,筆直的背脊,但還不到看起來滑稽的地步。他遠遠的已經注意到卡,這倒是挺自然的,因為四周除了孩童外,沒有其它的人。由於自己是個陌生人,尤其面對著這樣一個看起來蠻威嚴的小個子,卡先和他打招呼:
「先生,您早。」
孩子們一下都靜了下來,也許老師希望在他發言前,有一段肅靜好準備他說的話。

「你在觀察城堡?」
他的聲音比卡預期的要溫和,但他的語調卻表現出對卡的做法不以為然。
「是的,我是新來的,我昨天晚上才到。」
「你不喜歡這城堡?」老師很快的問道。
「什麼?」
卡對他的問題有點意外,他用另一種重複的方式反問道:「我喜歡這個城堡嗎?你為什麼會以為我不喜歡它?」
「從來沒有一個外地人會喜歡它!」
為了避免搭錯腔,卡改變了話題:「你認識侯爺吧?」
「不認識!」老師邊說邊轉過頭。
「什麼?真的?你不認識侯爺?」
「我該認識他嗎?」老師低聲的回答說。然後他大聲的改用法文說:「別忘了這裏有天真的兒童們。」
卡抓住這句話問道:「先生,我改天來拜訪你好嗎?我會在這兒住幾天,但我已開始覺得寂寞,我和那些莊稼漢談不攏,我想我和城堡也不見得合得來。」
「莊稼漢和城堡沒什麼不同。」老師說道。
「或許吧,但這對我的處境沒什麼幫助,我可以改天來看你嗎?」
「我住在天鵝街的屠夫家中。」
這句話很明顯的沒有邀請的意思,但卡打蛇隨棍上的說道:「我一定來看你。」
老師點點頭,就帶著他那群孩子們離開了。孩子們立刻又嚷了起來,他們不久就消失在一條很陡的下坡路上。

卡有點焦燥不安,這場對話令他懊惱從到達這裏後,他第一次感到疲倦。這段漫長的旅途,本來好像不算一回事。他靜靜的、一步一步的遊蕩了好幾天但他終於感覺到長途跋涉的後果了,而且在一個最壞的時刻。他有一種去結交新朋友的強烈衝動,但他認識的每一個人,似乎只會增加他的煩惱或憂慮。如果在目前的情況下,他能勉強走到城堡的大門,他就幹了件非同小可的事,因此他繼續往前走。但這是條相當遙遠的路,因為他走的這條路是村子的幹道,它卻不通到城堡所在的山坡。路是朝著山坡走,但它卻突然故意似的來個拐彎抹角,雖然沿著這條路不會離開城堡,但它也不會帶著行人更接近它。卡在每一個轉角,都指望這條路能改道通往城堡,這個指望鼓舞著他繼續前進。雖然他累得要死,他就是不肯離開這條路。村子的長度令他感到意外,看起來就像沒完沒了似的同樣的小屋子,雪凝住了窗檻,沒一個鬼影。他終於把自己從那條路拖開,轉進了一條小巷。在小巷裏,雪更為深厚,抬起腳來真是累人他一下子滿頭大汗,停下來再也走不動了。

還好他並不是在一個荒涼的小島,他的兩邊都有些木屋。他捏了個雪球,扔到一個窗子上。房門立刻打開,這是整條街上,唯一打開的一扇門。一個穿著棕色毛皮衣的老農夫現身出來,他歪著頭,看起來瘦弱但還和善。
卡問道:「我能進來歇一會兒嗎?我很累了。」
他沒有聽到老農夫的回聲,但他看到一塊木板伸出來讓他離開雪地。卡心中非常感激,一個箭步他就進了廚房。

一個大廚房,點著昏暗的燈任何剛從外面進來的人,一時之間什麼都看不見。卡讓一個木盆拌了一跤,一個女人的手扶住他。一個角落傳來小孩的哭聲,另一個角落冒出一股熱氣,遮住了原本昏暗的燈光,卡像站在雲霧裏一般。
「他一定喝醉了。」一個人說道。
「你是誰?」一個粗魯的聲音叫道;下一句一聽就知道是衝著老頭問:「你為什麼讓他進來,難道我們得讓每個在街上閒蕩的人都進來嗎?」
「我是侯爺的土地勘測師。」卡想在這群他看不見的人面前爭回面子。
「哦,原來是土地勘測師!」一個女子說道,然後整個屋子沈靜下來。
「那你知道我是誰了?」
「當然。」同樣的聲音不以為然的回答道。

他沒有因為被弄清楚了身份而受到歡迎。熱氣終於淡薄下來。卡漸漸能分辨出四周的情況。看來是個沖洗的日子。在靠近門的地方,很多人在洗衣服,但熱氣是從另一個角落來的。那裏有個大得卡從來沒有見過的,跟兩個床一樣寬的木盆。兩個男人在裏面洗澡。左邊的角落,卻有個比這更令人吃驚的景象,但卻說不上為什麼它令人吃驚。院子裏慘白色的雪光,從後面牆上一個大窗子射進來,把一個坐在高扶手椅子上女人的衣服,反光得像絲綢。她抱著一個嬰兒在餵奶,幾個看得出是農家子弟的小孩,圍著她在玩,但她看起來屬於另一個階級。疾病和憂慮,有時會令農夫們也看起來道貌岸然。

「請坐!」一個滿臉大鬍子的人說道。
他張著嘴沉重的呼吸著,他用潮濕的手越過澡盆,指著一張高背椅子,灑了卡一臉的水。那椅子已坐著讓卡進來的老頭,他挪出一個空位。卡非常感激,終於找到一個坐的地方。沒人再理他。在洗衣盆旁邊的女孩,年紀輕輕的,胖胖的,長得還標緻。她一邊工作,一邊低聲的哼著歌。兩個男人在澡盆裏打滾。孩子們想靠近些,但每次都被濕淋淋的水趕開,這些水也灑在卡身上。坐在扶手椅上的女人,躺在那兒像死了一樣,瞪著屋頂,一眼都不看她懷裏的嬰兒。她看起來像一副優美的,悲哀的畫像,卡看了她好一陣子。他大概打了個瞌睡,因為當他被吵醒時,他發現自己的頭枕在老人的肩上。澡盆裏的人已洗完澡,穿著整齊的站在他面前。小孩們現在進了澡盆,其它的跑來跑去,圍著那金髮女郎打轉。那滿臉大鬍子,面貌凶惡的,是兩人中地位較低的。另外一個,不多話,思路較慢老是低著頭,不比他的同伴高,鬍子也少得多。但他肩膀較寬,臉龐也比較大,是他說道:
「抱歉!先生,你不能留在這兒。」
「我並不想留在這兒,我只想歇一會兒,我已休息好了。」
「你也許有點奇怪我們不太友善。」那人說道:「好客不是我們這兒的習慣,我們不歡迎外人。」
睡了一會兒,精神好多了,卡的反應也快些。他蠻喜歡對方坦白的態度,他覺得比較沒有拘束。柱著拐杖,他左右走了走,接近坐在扶手椅上的女郎,他才發現自己是全屋子中最魁梧的。
「當然,你們用不著外人,但偶爾你們也需要個訪客,例如我這個土地勘測師!」
「這可說不定!」老人慢條斯理的回答:「如果你是請來的,我們也許需要你,這是特殊的例子,但我們小人物總是墨守陳規,你可別見怪!」
「當然不會!對你,還有對這兒所有的人,我只有心存感激。」
出乎眾人意料之外,他敏捷的轉過身,站在扶手椅上的女人前,她用疲憊的藍眼珠看了看他,她臉上蓋著一條絲手絹,懷裏的嬰兒熟睡著。
「你是誰?」卡問道。
「從城堡來的女人!」她說話的態度相當傲慢,不知是看不起卡,還是看不起自己的回答。
這只是一、兩秒間發生的事,但兩人已站在卡的兩邊 -- 就像沒有其它說服的方式 --開始安靜的,但用了他們的全力,把卡往門外推。老頭對這個狀況很高興,拍拍手。在洗衣盆旁邊的女孩也笑了起來,小孩們突然發瘋似的叫著。

卡不久就到了街口,兩人從門檻看著他。
大鬍子不耐煩的叫著:「你要上那兒去?這條路通到城堡,那條路通到村子裏去。」
卡沒有理他,轉身對另一個人問道:「你是誰?我該向那一位收留我的人致謝?」
「我是皮匠萊斯曼。」
「好,也許我們會再碰面!」
「我想不見得。」那人說道。
這時另一個人舉手叫道:「早,阿瑟!早,傑瑞邁!」
卡轉過身來,想不到村子的街道上真有人。兩個中等身材的年青人,由城堡的方向走來,兩個人都很瘦,穿著緊身衣,面貌相似。雖然他們的皮膚是暗棕色,他們細小的山羊鬍倒是黑的醒目。就路況來說,他們走的相當迅速,兩條細腿一點也不差。
大鬍子叫道:「你們上那兒?」
他們走得快,一步也不停,非得叫著說話不可:「公事!」他們笑著回叫道。
「那兒?」
「客棧!」
卡突然喊道:「我也要到那裏去。」
他的聲音比誰都大,他很想和他們結伴而行。倒不是想從他們那兒得到什麼,只不過看起來他們是對和氣開朗的好伴侶。他們聽到他的話,但只點點頭就不見了。
卡還站在雪地中,他有點想把腳從雪堆中抽出來,只不過為了再踏進去。皮匠和他的伙伴,很高興終於擺脫了他,慢慢的走進屋子,還回頭從門縫中看看他。卡獨自站在雪地中,他不禁想到:如果我是意外的而不是有計劃的出現在這兒,還真是個呼天不應,叫地不靈的鬼地方。 

就在這時,他左手邊茅屋的小窗子開了,當它關著時,也許是因為雪光反射的關係,看起來是深藍色,窗子小到看不見後面的人,只看到一雙眼睛,一雙老年人棕色的眼睛。「他在這裏。」卡聽到一個女人顫抖的聲音。
「他是土地勘測師。」一個男人回答道。然後男人走到窗口問道:「你在等人嗎?」他的語氣並沒有惡意,但你聽得出來,他很希望沒有任何事在他家門口發生。
「我在等輛雪車。」
「雪車不經過這裏,沒有人打這兒經過。」
卡不以為然的說:「但這條路是通往城堡的。」
「信不信由你,信不信由你!」那人肯定的說:「沒有人會打這兒經過。」
兩人都沒再說話,但那人似乎在考慮什麼事,因為他沒把窗子關上。
卡說:「這條路很糟。」希望引他繼續交談。
過了一會兒,那人自動說:「如果你需要的話。我可以用雪車載你。」
卡高興的說道:「當然,拜託!拜託!你要多少錢?」
「不要錢!」卡感到非常的意外。
「你是土地勘測師,你是城堡的人。」那人解釋道:「你想到那兒?」
「到城堡!」卡很快的回答。
「我不會載你去。」那人想都沒想。
「但我是城堡的人!」卡一字不差的重覆那人說過的話。
「也許吧!」那人簡短的答道。
「那麼載我去客棧吧。」
「我馬上把車弄出來。」這人的整個行為,並不像是親切的想幫助卡,卻像是一種自私的、擔憂的、幾乎是老頑固般的、想把卡從他門口挪開。
院子的門打開了,一匹瘦弱的小馬,拉著一輛平平的沒有座位的小雪車。車子後面跟著一個跛腳的人,他看起來很衰弱,一臉病容,呼吸沉重,紅紅的臉,繫著一條毛巾,看起來份外的小。他明顯的人很不舒服,但為了載卡離開,不得不把自己硬拖出來。卡想說幾句抱歉的話,被那人揮手打斷。卡能打聽出來的,只是他叫格席塔克,是個車伕。他用這輛簡陋的雪車,是因為它已準備妥當,如果用另一輛車的話,得花很多時閑來打點。
「坐吧!」那人指著雪車。
「我坐在你旁邊。」
「我用走的。」格席塔克說。
「何必呢?」
「我用走的。」格席塔克又說了一遍,這時他猛烈的咳起嗽來,使得他不得不在雪地中蹲下,抓住車子的邊緣,卡坐下來沒再說什麼。格的咳嗽漸漸停下來,兩人就上路了。

卡當天想去的城堡矗立在他們之上,現在看起來很模糊,逐漸隱退到遠距離外一陣輕脆的鐘聲傳過來,好像在跟卡道別。這鐘聲一時之間讓卡心悸,因為它聽起來好像在跟卡說:「別異想天開了。」但響亮的鐘聲安靜下去,換了一陣微弱而又單調的鈴聲它可能從城堡來,也可能從村子裏來,它比較跟這緩慢的旅程相配,也跟這可憐但固執的車夫相配。
「嗨!」卡忽然叫道 -- 他們已靠近教堂,客棧該就在前面,卡覺得他可以冒個險 --「我很奇怪你膽敢作主載著我到處跑,這樣不會有事嗎?」
格席塔克沒有理他,只是沉默的在馬旁邊走著。
「喂!」
卡做了一個雪球扔在他耳朵上,格停下來,轉過身子,雪車往前滑了一段。卡眼看到他駝背而單薄的身子,紅紅的,疲倦的臉龐,兩腮一平一凹,張著嘴露出稀疏的牙齒,站在那裏聽他說話。卡不得不打住想說的揶揄話,改用一種關懷的語調問道,你會不會因為載我回來而受到處罰?
「你這是什麼意思?」格完全聽不懂卡的問題。
但他沒有等卡回答,對馬吆喝了一聲,他們就繼續往前走了。

***********************************

以上是《城堡》的第一章。全書以後的十九章,描述卡費盡心思、用盡手腕、想混進城堡,但都徒勞無功的經過。穿插了一些和城堡官員有關的故事,以及卡和其中幾個人物互相做的心理分析。

這本小說的最後一章,並沒有對卡的故事做完整交代。根據麥克思‧布洛德的說法,卡夫卡曾告訴他故事可能的結局是:

「卡在心力交疲的情形下病倒了。在他臨死以前,村子裏的人,圍在他的病床前送他最後一程。這時城堡傳來一個訊息,它的大意是:雖然卡自稱是土地勘測師這件事,並沒有得到城堡的認同,但在勉為其難的斟酌下,城堡決定讓他留在村子裏生活下去。」(Kafka1959xvii)

後記:

這篇翻譯原載《中華雜誌》季刊,199312月號。在文字分段和標點符號上對舊譯做了些修正。我把自己翻譯卡夫卡作品部份的第11節當做一個單元發表(即本文);該翻譯的110節做為第三個單元,並以《卡夫卡選輯寓言及小品》為標題(本欄下一篇)。

卡夫卡作品的特色在這一章中都有了(請參考本欄開欄文第2)。讀者可以慢慢玩味並請就我的翻譯文字賜教。 -- 202212

參考書籍:

Kafka, F. 1959, W. Muir/E. Muir 英譯, The Castle, Alffred. A. Knopf Inc., New York

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