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山德爾論資本主義 - P. B. Farrell
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Capitalism is killing our morals, our future

 

In a Market Society, everything is for sale

 

Paul B. Farrell, MarketWatch, 04/29/13

 

SAN LUIS OBISPO, Calif. (MarketWatch) — Yes, capitalism is working ... for the Forbes 1,000 Global Billionaires whose ranks swelled from 322 in 2000 to 1,426 recently. Billionaires control the vast majority of the world’s wealth, while the income of American workers stagnated.

 

For the rest of the world, capitalism is not working: A billion live on less than two dollars a day. With global population exploding to 10 billion by 2050, that inequality gap will grow, fueling revolutions, wars, adding more billionaires and more folks surviving on two bucks a day.

 

Over the years we’ve explored the reasons capitalism blindly continues on its self-destructive path. Recently we found someone who brilliantly explains why free-market capitalism is destined to destroy the world, absent a historic paradigm shift: That is Harvard philosopher Michael Sandel, author of the new best-seller, “What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets,” and his earlier classic, “Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?

 

For more than three decades Sandel’s been explaining how capitalism is undermining America’s moral values and why most people are in denial of the impact. His classes are larger than a thousand although you can take his Harvard “Justice” course online. Sandel recently summarized his ideas about capitalism in the Atlantic. In “What Isn’t for Sale?” he writes:

“Without being fully aware of the shift, Americans have drifted from having a market economy to becoming a market society ... where almost everything is up for sale ... a way of life where market values seep into almost every sphere of life and sometimes crowd out or corrode important values, non-market values.”

 

Sandel should be required reading for all Wall Street insiders as well as America’s 95 million Main Street investors. Here’s a condensed version:

 

In one generation, market ideology consumed America’s collective spirit

 

“The years leading up to the financial crisis of 2008 were a heady time of market faith and deregulation — an era of market triumphalism,” says Sandel. “The era began in the early 1980s, when Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher proclaimed their conviction that markets, not government, held the key to prosperity and freedom.”

 

And in the 1990s with the “market-friendly liberalism of Bill Clinton and Tony Blair, who moderated but consolidated the faith that markets are the primary means for achieving the public good.”

 

Today “almost everything can be bought and sold.” Today “markets, and market values, have come to govern our lives as never before. We did not arrive at this condition through any deliberate choice. It is almost as if it came upon us,” says Sandel.

 

http://articles.marketwatch.com/2013-04-29/commentary/38851356_1_capitalism-market-triumphalism-values



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淺談山德爾的「資本主義觀」
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「資本主義」是解釋經濟活動現象以及提供有效增加經濟活動成果(經濟發展和成長)的理論。「道德」是規範人與人如何相處的「遊戲規則」。如果我們把「道德」稱為「社會規範」,我們比較能夠給它一個適當的定位和應用範圍。如果把「道德」當作「絕對」概念或「最高」價值來討論公共議題,就不免給人坐在冷氣間空想的感覺。

 

人是社會動物,幾乎所有的人類行為都需要和他人相處與互動;因此,只要有人的環境就必須有某種「道德」或「社會規範」。另一方面,人必須存活和取得某些資源(以產生能量)才能採取行為,進行活動。因此,人類必須存活才有資格、閒暇、餘力、空間等等來討論「社會規範」和處理與「社會規範」相關的議題。經濟活動和「社會規範」可說幾乎同等重要,但仍然有先後之分。

 

Farrell先生的文章只介紹了山德爾教授「資本主義觀」的一部份,開欄文自然難以做為批評後者立論的依據。

 

我認為一個比較適當和中肯(談得出個結果)的方式,是先從經濟學角度評鑑「資本主義」在解釋「經濟活動現象」以及指導「增加經濟活動成果」上是否具有功能性和有效性;其次討論實行「資本主義」理論有那些負面效應;最後再從政治學和社會學角度討論如何建立消除這些負面效應的配套措施。

 

人類存活必須要取得各種資源。我們不可能自力產生它們,這是「交換」行為發生的基本原因。在我看來,「買賣」或許不是最方便、最有效、最沒有後遺症的「交換」行為,但它勝過偷、搶、騙、或殺人來掠奪。



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