6. 結論
6.1 我接受外在環境的客觀存在;我也接受知識來自生活經驗。所以我同意局部相對觀和局部建構論的基本主張。
6.2 相對觀主要是一種本體論領域的了解;建構論則是一種關於知識如何形成的理論;因此,兩者在邏輯上沒有蘊含關係。
6.3 相對觀和建構論有某些共同的基本假設、基本認知、和相近的(社會)批判立場。如果我們沒有強烈的「價值立場」或「意識型態」(如沙文主義或特定的宗教信仰),則兩者是相容或相互支持的學說。
6.4 在第3.4節中我分析了「社會建構」在政治上有兩種對立的應用。接受相對觀的人,則會質疑任何絕對性觀點或神主牌論述的「權威性」和「正當性」。也就可能會輕視、抗拒、嘲諷、或顛覆這類觀點和論述。
附註:
1. 我認為上述涂爾榦對「偏差行為」的分析有爭議或不夠周全;以致我認為他對「偏差行為」的判斷也難以成立(同上: 70 - 76頁);此外,傅柯就涂爾榦這個觀點做了廣泛和深入的發揮;這三個課題都不在本文探討範圍,所以略過。
2. 我用「體會」一詞翻譯狄爾賽和韋伯的Verstehen (德文,大致相當於英文的 empathic understanding或interpretation)。
參考文章和書籍:
* Ben-David, J/ Sullivan, T. A. 1975, “Sociology of Science", Annual Review of Sociology 1: 203–222, http://www.compilerpress.atfreeweb.com/Anno%20Ben%20David%20&%20Sullivan%20Sociology%20of%20Science%20ARS%201975.htm.
* Bloor, D. 1982, Durkheim and Mauss Revisited: Classification and the Sociology of Knowledge, in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 13, 4 (1982): 267-297.
* Durkheim, E. 1966/1938, Tr. Solovay, A. A./Mueller, J. H., Ed. Catlin, G. E. G., The Rules of Sociological Method, Free Press, NYC
* Durkheim, E. 2001, Tr. Cosman, C, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Oxford University Press, NYC
* Hacking, I. 1999, The Social Construction of What?, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA USA
* Horwitz, A. V. 2010, Mental Illness, Social Construction of, http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_yr2010_chunk_g978140512433119_ss1-141
* Internet 2000, Social Construction of Reality, http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/notabene/social-construction-of-reality.html
* Internet 2010, Constructivism, http://www.funderstanding.com/content/constructivism
* Mallon, R. 2008, Naturalistic Approaches to Social Construction, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-construction-naturalistic/
* Marshall, G. 1998, Social Constructionism, in A Dictionary of Sociology, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-socialconstructionism.html
* Marx, K. /Engels, F. 1976, Feurbach, Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook (New Publication of Chapter I of The German Ideology), Progress Publishers, Moscow
* Marx, K. 1970, Ed. Dobb, M., Tr. Ryazanskaya, T. B., A Contribution To The Critique Of Political Economy, Progress Publishers, Moscow
* Marx, K. 2010/1845, The German Ideology, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.htm
* Praetorius, N. 2003, Inconsistencies in the Assumptions of Constructivism and Naturalism: An Alternative View, http://tap.sagepub.com/content/15/1/51.full.pdf+html
* Searle, J. R. 1998, Mind, Language, and Society: Philosophy in the Real World, Basic Books, NYC
* Shapin, S. 1995, Here and everywhere: sociology of scientific knowledge, http://www.questia.com/read/5000344671?title=Here%20and%20Everywhere%3a%20Sociology%20of%20Scientific%20Knowledge
* Slezak, P. 2000, A Critique of Radical Social Constructivism, http://hist-phil.arts.unsw.edu.au/lib/staff/slezak_peter/Slezak_SocCon_2000.pdf
* Udehn, L. 2002, The changing face of methodological individualism, http://www.questia.com/read/5000598146?title=The%20Changing%20Face%20of%20Methodological%20Individualism
* Weber, M. 1964/1947, Tr. Henderson, A. M./Parsons, T., Ed. Parsons, T., The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Free Press, NYC
* Wikipedia 2010a, Constructivist Epistemology, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology
* Wikipedia 2010b, Sociology of Scientific Knowledge, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge
* Wikipedia 2010c, Social Constructionism, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism
* Wolff, K. H. 1971, From Karl Mannheim, Oxford University Press, NYC
* 胡卜凱 2005, 《「應無所住而生其心」討論 3》,http://www.fokas.com.tw/news/newslist.php?id=199
* 胡卜凱 2009, 《政治與道德的關係》,https://city.udn.com/2976/3292739?tpno=6&cate_no=52524
* 胡卜凱 2010, 《淺談「相對觀」》,本欄開欄文及留言1 - 9
本文於 修改第 1 次