http://news.yam.com/cna/international/200807/20080703339365.html
紐時：關達那摩美軍逼供 翻版中國手法
中央社╱中央社 2008-07-03 00:06
（中央社記者林琳紐約二日專電）「紐約時報」今天報導，美國軍方在關達那摩審訊涉嫌發動及參與恐怖行動者的手法，是翻版自美國空軍根據韓戰時中國對俘虜逼供手法所編的圖表。
報導指出，韓戰期間，中國會用酷刑逼供，迫使被俘美軍承認他們並未犯下的生化戰或是其他暴行。美國軍方為了讓美軍萬一被俘時可以抵擋遭洗腦的壓力，會以打疫苗的辦法，讓軍人接受特別訓練，甚至經歷被俘虜後可能遭到的酷刑。
美國空軍在一九五七年進行的研究，其實是讓被俘者如何避免在酷刑下胡亂招供。當時一位心理學家里夫頓博士曾在「紐約醫學院公報」發表一篇文章：「共產黨為獲取個人配合所採取的脅迫手段」。
美國參議院軍事委員會在調查關達那摩虐囚事件時，發現軍方及中央情報局在審訊嫌犯時的逼供手法，竟然是根據空軍研究中國脅迫手段所做出的圖表。
里夫頓在接受紐約時報訪問時表示，對於美國軍方竟然翻版中國的做法，用來作為在關達那摩逼供的教材，讓他很難過。他在一九六一年曾經出過一本書，談中國如何對人進行思想改造，也就是洗腦。他說，用這套方法在關達那摩逼供，得到的根本是完全相反的效果。
參議院軍事委員會主席李文在讀了里夫頓一九五七年的文章後表示，美軍竟然根據當年中國逼供的手法來審訊嫌犯，令人震驚。他說，更令人驚愕的是，這些方法是以逼打成招的方式，讓受審訊的人胡亂招供。
紐約時報指出，美國總統布希曾為軍方的審訊手法辯護，認為逼嫌犯招供可以得到重要情報。李文指出，「有人說我們需要情報，當然我們需要，但是，我們不需要錯誤的情報。」
報導也指出，被關在關達那摩涉嫌在九一一事件中計劃截機的蓋達成員卡塔尼，就曾在審訊時被施以不准入睡、在極冷氣溫下長時間罰站及其他中國用來逼供的刑罰。另一位曾被酷刑逼供的蓋達成員則在聽證會上表示，他是在酷刑之下才胡亂招供，被迫承認他並沒有犯下的罪行。
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/02/us/02detain.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin
China Inspired Interrogations at Guantánamo
By SCOTT SHANE
Published: July 2, 2008
WASHINGTON — The military trainers who came to Guantánamo Bay in December 2002 based an entire interrogation class on a chart showing the effects of “coercive management techniques” for possible use on prisoners, including “sleep deprivation,” “prolonged constraint,” and “exposure.”
What the trainers did not say, and may not have known, was that their chart had been copied verbatim from a 1957 Air Force study of Chinese Communist techniques used during the Korean War to obtain confessions, many of them false, from American prisoners.
The recycled chart is the latest and most vivid evidence of the way Communist interrogation methods that the United States long described as torture became the basis for interrogations both by the military at the base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and by the Central Intelligence Agency.
Some methods were used against a small number of prisoners at Guantánamo before 2005, when Congress banned the use of coercion by the military. The C.I.A. is still authorized by President Bush to use a number of secret “alternative” interrogation methods.
Several Guantánamo documents, including the chart outlining coercive methods, were made public at a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing June 17 that examined how such tactics came to be employed.
But committee investigators were not aware of the chart’s source in the half-century-old journal article, a connection pointed out to The New York Times by an independent expert on interrogation who spoke on condition of anonymity.
The 1957 article from which the chart was copied was entitled “Communist Attempts to Elicit False Confessions From Air Force Prisoners of War” and written by Albert D. Biderman, a sociologist then working for the Air Force, who died in 2003. Mr. Biderman had interviewed American prisoners returning from North Korea, some of whom had been filmed by their Chinese interrogators confessing to germ warfare and other atrocities.
Those orchestrated confessions led to allegations that the American prisoners had been “brainwashed,” and provoked the military to revamp its training to give some military personnel a taste of the enemies’ harsh methods to inoculate them against quick capitulation if captured.
In 2002, the training program, known as SERE, for Survival, Evasion, Resistance, Escape, became a source of interrogation methods both for the C.I.A. and the military. In what critics describe as a remarkable case of historical amnesia, officials who drew on the SERE program appear to have been unaware that it had been created as a result of concern about false confessions by American prisoners.
Senator Carl Levin, Democrat of Michigan and chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said after reviewing the 1957 article that “every American would be shocked” by the origin of the training document.
“What makes this document doubly stunning is that these were techniques to get false confessions,” Mr. Levin said. “People say we need intelligence, and we do. But we don’t need false intelligence.”
A Defense Department spokesman, Lt. Col Patrick Ryder, said he could not comment on the Guantánamo training chart. “I can’t speculate on previous decisions that may have been made prior to current D.O.D. policy on interrogations,” Colonel Ryder said. “I can tell you that current D.O.D. policy is clear — we treat all detainees humanely.”
Mr. Biderman’s 1957 article described “one form of torture” used by the Chinese as forcing American prisoners to stand “for exceedingly long periods,” sometimes in conditions of “extreme cold.” Such passive methods, he wrote, were more common than outright physical violence. Prolonged standing and exposure to cold have both been used by American military and C.I.A. interrogators against terrorist suspects.
The chart also listed other techniques used by the Chinese, including “Semi-Starvation,” “Exploitation of Wounds,” and “Filthy, Infested Surroundings,” and with their effects: “Makes Victim Dependent on Interrogator,” “Weakens Mental and Physical Ability to Resist,” and “Reduces Prisoner to ‘Animal Level’ Concerns.”
The only change made in the chart presented at Guantánamo was to drop its original title: “Communist Coercive Methods for Eliciting Individual Compliance.”
The documents released last month include an e-mail message from two SERE trainers reporting on a trip to Guantánamo from Dec. 29, 2002, to Jan. 4, 2003. Their purpose, the message said, was to present to interrogators “the theory and application of the physical pressures utilized during our training.”
The sessions included “an in-depth class on Biderman’s Principles,” the message said, referring to the chart from Mr. Biderman’s 1957 article. Versions of the same chart, often identified as “Biderman’s Chart of Coercion,” have circulated on anti-cult sites on the Web, where the methods are used to describe how cults control their members.
Dr. Robert Jay Lifton, a psychiatrist who also studied the returning prisoners of war and wrote an accompanying article in the same 1957 issue of The Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, said in an interview that he was disturbed to learn that the Chinese methods had been recycled and taught at Guantánamo.
“It saddens me,” said Dr. Lifton, who wrote a 1961 book on what the Chinese called “thought reform” and became known in popular American parlance as brainwashing. He called the use of the Chinese techniques by American interrogators at Guantánamo a “180-degree turn.”
The harshest known interrogation at Guantánamo was that of Mohammed al-Qahtani, a member of Al Qaeda suspected of being the intended 20th hijacker in the Sept. 11 attacks. Mr. Qahtani’s interrogation involved sleep deprivation, stress positions, exposure to cold and other methods also used by the Chinese.
Terror charges against Mr. Qahtani were dropped unexpectedly in May. Officials said the charges could be reinstated later and declined to say whether the decision was influenced by concern about Mr. Qahtani’s treatment.
Mr. Bush has defended the use the interrogation methods, saying they helped provide critical intelligence and prevented new terrorist attacks. But the issue continues to complicate the long-delayed prosecutions now proceeding at Guantánamo.
Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, a Qaeda member accused of playing a major role in the bombing of the American destroyer Cole in Yemen in 2000, was charged with murder and other crimes on Monday. In previous hearings, Mr. Nashiri, who was subjected to waterboarding, has said he confessed to participating in the bombing falsely only because he was tortured.
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